Effects of Carbamazepine in Bivalves: A Review
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is among the ten most frequent pharmaceuticals that occur in the aquatic systems, with known effects on inhabiting organisms, including bivalves. Bivalves are important species in coastal ecosystems, often exhibiting a dominant biomass
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Marine Bivalves Exposed to Carbamazepine Under Laboratory Conditions: Toxicological Effects 2.1 Mussels 2.2 Clams 2.3 Oysters 3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References
Abstract Carbamazepine (CBZ) is among the ten most frequent pharmaceuticals that occur in the aquatic systems, with known effects on inhabiting organisms, including bivalves. Bivalves are important species in coastal ecosystems, often exhibiting a dominant biomass within invertebrate communities. These organisms play a major role in the functioning of the ecosystem and particularly in food webs (as suspension-feeders) and represent a significant fraction of the fisheries resource. They also have strong interactions with the environment, water and sediment and are considered good bioindicator species. The present paper reviews the known literature on the impacts of CBZ in biological endpoints of marine bivalves exposed to environmentally and non-environmentally relevant concentrations, highlighting differences in terms of biological responses, associated with exposure period, concentrations tested, and species used. Overall, the literature available showed that CBZ induces individual and sub-individual effects in marine bivalves (adults and life stages) and the most common effect reported was the induction of oxidative stress.
Â. Almeida · A. M. V. M. Soares · R. Freitas (*) Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] V. I. Esteves Chemistry Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2020_51
Â. Almeida et al.
Keywords Antiepileptic · Bivalves · Marine environment · Pharmaceutical drugs · Sub-lethal effects
1 Introduction Aquatic systems are increasingly exposed to contaminants, mainly derived from human activities, representing the ultimate sink areas for most of the substances (Sousa et al. 2018, among others). Among these contaminants are pharmaceuticals (Monteiro and Boxall 2010). After administration, pharmaceuticals are excreted in urine or feces as a mixture of metabolites, as the unchanged compound, or conjugated with an inactivating substituent (Halling-Sørensen et al. 1998). These substances can reach the aquatic systems through sewage from WasteWater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) as several pharmaceuticals have shown to resist conventional sewage treatment (Monteiro and Boxall 2010). Since drugs are designed to exert biological effects, when in aquatic systems, they can interact with wildlife as they keep their lipophilic capacity to pass cellular membranes. Thus, under environmental conditions, these compounds may exhibit the potential to be bioaccumulated and exert biological effects on non-target organisms (Halling-Sørensen et al. 1998). In fact, negative effects on aquatic organisms have been related with the presence of pharmaceutical drugs in water bodies. A growin
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