Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of losartan after UV/H 2 O 2 and UVC/photolysis treatments
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ADVANCED OXIDATION/REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES: AN PERSPECTIVE FROM IBEROAMERICAN COUNTRIES
Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of losartan after UV/H2O2 and UVC/photolysis treatments Eliane Adams 1 & Bruno B. Neves 2 & Liziê D. T. Prola 3 & Marcus V. de Liz 3 & Lucia R. R. Martins 1,2 & Wanessa A. Ramsdorf 1 & Adriane M. de Freitas 1,2,3 Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Losartan potassium (LOS) is one of the most antihypertensives used in the world, and its presence in environmental matrices can cause impacts to biota. In this study, the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of LOS was assessed before and after treatment by UVC/ photolysis and UV/H2O2. The photodegradations were carried out at LOS solutions (2.5 mg L−1; 4.6 μM) for 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 min of treatment. For chromatographic analysis, the samples were submitted to solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Ecotoxicity bioassays were conducted using Daphnia magna (acute) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (chronic) for all the degradation times. To evaluate the genotoxicity, the comet assay was performed with a D. magna whole organism cell suspension applying the alkaline gel electrophoresis technique. For both process, the degradation rate was over 99% at 30 min, which reduced the acute toxicity of LOS to D. magna. In addition, only the sample treated at 240 min by UV/ H2O2 showed significant chronic and acute toxicity. However, the genotoxicity effect was observed for samples treated LOS before treatment and at 480 min by UV/H2O2. Therefore, even reaching high LOS degradation rates, for both processes, the bioassays demonstrated the importance of ecotoxicological analyses by AOPs treatment. Keywords Pharmaceutical drug . Daphnia magna . Desmodesmus subspicatus . Comet assay . UVC radiation . Advanced oxidation process
Introduction
Responsible Editor: Vítor Pais Vilar Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-02011420-9. * Adriane M. de Freitas [email protected] 1
Present address: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
2
Multiuser Laboratory of Environmental Analysis—LAMEAA, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
3
Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies—GPTec, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that in 2020 about 1.5 billion people will suffer from hypertension in the world (Kaur and Dulova 2020). Among the most consumed antihypertensive drugs, losartan potassium (LOS) is one of the pharmaceutics listed as essential (WHO 2019) classified as vasodilator and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Its consumption has doubled in the USA in recent years and is the main hypertensive dr
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