Effect of Application of Probiotic Pollen Suspension on Immune Response and Gut Microbiota of Honey Bees ( Apis mellifer
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Effect of Application of Probiotic Pollen Suspension on Immune Response and Gut Microbiota of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Ivana Cingeľová Maruščáková 1 & Petra Schusterová 1 & Bohumil Bielik 2 & Juraj Toporčák 2 & Katarína Bíliková 3 & Dagmar Mudroňová 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Although the use of probiotic bacteria in invertebrates is still rare, scientists have begun to look into their usage in honey bees. The probiotic preparation, based on the autochthonous strain Lactobacillus brevis B50 Biocenol™ (CCM 8618), which was isolated from the digestive tracts of healthy bees, was applied to the bee colonies in the form of a pollen suspension. Its influence on the immune response was determined by monitoring the expression of genes encoding immunologically important molecules in the honey bee intestines. Changes in the intestinal microbiota composition were also studied. The results showed that the probiotic Lact. brevis B50, on a pollen carrier, significantly increased the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (abaecin, defensin-1) as well as pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptor, peptidoglycan recognition proteins). Gene expression for the other tested molecules included in Toll and Imd signaling pathways (dorsal, cactus, kenny, relish) significantly changed during the experiment. The positive effect on intestinal microbiota was manifested mainly by a significant increase in the ratio of lactic acid bacteria to enterobacteria. These findings confirm the potential of the tested probiotic preparation to enhance immunity in bee colonies and thus increase their resistance to infectious diseases and stress conditions. Keywords Probiotic lactobacilli . Honey bee intestine . Immune signaling pathways . Intestinal bacteria
Introduction Recently, dramatic declines of managed colonies have been noted all over the world (e.g., in the USA for the last 5 years losses have reached from 28 to 45%) [1]. Several causes of these large-scale losses have been reported, including bee pathogens (Paenibacillus larvae, Varroa destructor, Acarapis woodi, Nosema spp., bee viruses, etc.), pesticides, contaminated water, use of antibiotics, poor nutrition, and incorrect breeding management [2, 3]. Since there is zero tolerance of antibiotic residues in bee products in the EU, in * Dagmar Mudroňová [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
2
Clinic of birds, exotic and free living animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
3
Department of Molecular Apidology, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
particular in honey, their use in the treatment or prevention of these infectious diseases is associated with high economic losses or is totally prohibited (such as in the case of American foulbrood). Moreover, a
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