Effect of bio-fertilizers on corn ( Zea mays L.) growth characteristics in Cd-spiked soils
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of bio‑fertilizers on corn (Zea mays L.) growth characteristics in Cd‑spiked soils F. Rostami1 · M. Heydari1 · A. Golchin1 · N. Khadem Moghdam Igdelou1 Received: 18 September 2019 / Revised: 24 June 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract To investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers on contamination rate of plants to heavy metals, an experiment was carried out in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of University of Zanjan in 2015. Treatments were: contamination levels of soil to cadmium (Cd) (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg−1) and inoculation with bio-fertilizers including phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas putida, mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices. Measured characters include leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root and Cd concentration in the plant. The results indicated that the use of bio-fertilizers increased the leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, phosphorus and potassium of shoot and root significantly in comparison with control. The treatment of F. mosseae and P. putida (M + P) could improve leaf chlorophyll index and plant height by 11.93 and 21.89% in comparison with control, respectively. The chlorophyll index significantly decreased with increasing contamination levels of soil to Cd. The simultaneous use of F. mosseae and P. putida (M + P) and Cd increased the shoot and root dry weight by 6 and 7% in comparison with treatment 100 mg kg−1. In addition, the results indicated that inoculation of soil with bio-fertilizers can decrease the harmful effects of Cd on plants’ growth and yield. Keywords Mycorrhizal fungi · Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria · Cd · Contaminated soil
Introduction An increase in activity of industrial factories, using the industrial wastewater in agriculture, population growth and developing urbanization with exacerbation of environmental contamination, has exposed the health and life of a living being, especially human, at serious risk. Soil contamination refers to an increase in concentration of dummy and natural chemicals in the soil profile (Gajewska et al. 2006). Soil, as a part of the environment receiving various contaminators such as wastewater and chemical contaminator like heavy metals, influences the health of human community (Ernest 1996). Heavy metals are the most toxic inorganic contaminator that is present in the soil naturally or enters into the soil as a result of the human activity (Ugolini et al. 2013). Communicated by Xu Han. * N. Khadem Moghdam Igdelou [email protected] 1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
Heavy metals are dissoluble in the soil and can enter into human food chain via absorption by plants (Smith and Read 2008). These metals can make bound with human-required elements such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen that are found like S–S, S–H, O–H and
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