Effect of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril concentration regime upon material forming on mechanical properties in
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Effect of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril concentration regime upon material forming on mechanical properties in films and filaments Karl M. O. Ha˚kansson
Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract It is predicted that the forest and materials from the forest will play an important role to enable the transformation from our linear present to a circular and sustainable future. Therefore, there is a need to understand the materials that can be extracted from the forest, and how to use them in an efficient manner. Here, carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from the forest are used to produce films and filaments with the aim to preserve the impressive mechanical properties of a single CNF in a macro-scale material. The mechanical properties of both the films (tensile strength of 231 MPa) and filaments (tensile strength of 645 MPa) are demonstrated to be maximized when the
starting suspension is in a flowing state. This is a new insight with regards to filament spinning of CNF, and it is here argued that the three main factors contributing to the mechanical properties of the filaments are (1) the possibility to produce a self-supporting filament from a suspension, (2) the CNF alignment inside the filament and (3) the spatial homogeneity of the starting suspension. The results in this study could possibly also apply to other nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and silk protein fibrils, which are predicted to play a large part in future high performing applications.
Electronic supplementary material The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10570-020-03566-z. K. M. O. Ha˚kansson (&) RISE Bioeconomy & Health, Drottning Kristinas va¨g 61 B, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Cellulose nanofibril Films Filament Spinning Material manufacturing
Introduction As the unique properties of single nanoparticles are increasingly explored, the interest in utilization of the particles and their properties on a macro scale follows. Therefore, the process of assembling the nanoscale building blocks is of importance. Recently, it was proven that the mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), a nanomaterial with impressive mechanical properties, can be retained in a macroscopic filament by controlling the multiscale assembly of the starting material (Mittal et al. 2018). However, the complete understanding of why this was possible, or maybe why other studies have failed, is still lacking. CNF is produced by several different organisms on our planet, for example trees, plants and bacteria, see Eichhorn et al. (2009) and Klemm et al. (2011) for an overview. During the synthesis, a large number of glucan chains are produced in parallel by terminal complexes, in vascular plants called rosettes (Saxena and Brown 2005). The glucan chains are thereafter aligned and associated to form the CNFs
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