Effect of diet, maintenance frequency, and environmental conditions on the rearing of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Antho
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of diet, maintenance frequency, and environmental conditions on the rearing of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Neotropical highlands Marco A. Díaz 1
&
Jhon Avellaneda 1
&
Daniel Rodríguez 1
Received: 31 July 2019 / Accepted: 2 January 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract To standardize and optimize the mass rearing of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), an important natural enemy of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a method using a production batch system for the rearing of this predator was evaluated. A total of 28 production batches (one batch was defined as a set of cohorts) were evaluated, in which some variables were alternated, such as the rearing conditions (laboratory or greenhouse), type of diet provided (F. occidentalis individuals alone or with Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and frequency of maintenance (24 or 48 h). Each batch was monitored by recording parameters necessary for rearing, such as the survival of initial individuals, oviposition, time taken for new adult individuals to develop, and the total production of new adults. It was determined that when using a mixed diet, the production of new adult individuals was 8.4 times greater than when only a single food source was provided. Additionally, the constant conditions of the laboratory resulted in 4.9 times greater production than in the greenhouse and reduced the time required to obtain new individuals by 11.8 days. Further, a 48-h feeding frequency produced 4.2 times more individuals than a 24-h frequency. Control of these parameters will allow the standardization of a batch production process for ensuring the continuation of O. insidiosus production for use in biological control programs. Keywords Frankliniella occidentalis . Mass rearing . Factitious prey . Oviposition . Survival . Mixed diet
Introduction The predatory bug Orius insidiosus (Say 1832) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) has been recognized as a promising natural enemy of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Gholami and Sadeghi 2016), an important pest of crops in Neotropical Highlands in Colombia (Reitz 2015). Orius bugs are produced in different countries for marketing and implementation in integrated pest management programs, especially for ornamental crops and vegetables (Kim et al. 2004; Silveira et al. 2004; Thomas et al. 2012; Bernardo et al. 2017). The use of O. insidiosus as a natural enemy of thrips is due to its capacity to predate F. occidentalis adults—A couple
* Marco A. Díaz [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, Colombia
consumes approximately 21.7 ± 2.4 thrips per day under laboratory conditions (Tommasini et al. 2004), although it can also subsist on pollen, nectar, or other prey, such as whiteflies, aphids, and mites (Rutledge
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