Effect of heavy metals on toxicogenetic damage of European eels Anguilla anguilla
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of heavy metals on toxicogenetic damage of European eels Anguilla anguilla Funda Turan 1 & Serpil Karan 1 & Ayşegül Ergenler 1 Received: 26 February 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aquatic organisms are exposed to a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals introduced into the environment as a consequence of anthropogenic activities that usually cause genotoxic damage in aquatic organisms. DNA damage biomarkers for fish species detect genotoxic parameters for ecological risk assessment. In the present study, the effect of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co, and Mn) on DNA damage of Anguilla anguilla was examined by comet assay at reference site and three different sampling sites of the Orontes River. The relative mean heavy metal concentrations in water column were in the order of Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cd>Co in all the sampling sites. Cr, Cd, and Pb concentrations at all sampling sites were above the values allowed by the EPA (1999, 2016). With these results, negative effects of Cr, Cd, and Pb appeared on ecosystem health. The comet assay showed a higher level of DNA damage in the gill cells in comparison with the liver cells of A. anguilla. The highest level of DNA damage as %T-DNA, tail moment, and tail migration in gill cells were 20.007 ± 1.744 %; 2.899 ± 0.341 μm, and 12.383 ± 01.040 TMi and 20.172 ± 1.944 %, 2.559 ± 0.265 μm, and 10.763 ± 0.910 TMi at Site 2 and Site 3, respectively. The correlations between heavy metals and DNA damage parameters revealed that both Cu and Co in water showed significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) with DNA damage levels. Consequently, this study revealed the genotoxic damage of A. anguilla due to pollution in Orontes River and lead to the better understanding of genotoxicity and heavy metal relationships. Keywords European eels, . Anguilla anguilla, . Heavy metals, . Genotoxicity, . Comet assay
Introduction Anthropogenic activities that produce heavy metals and pesticides negatively affect freshwater environment; due to pollution, the water quality is reduced and the ecosystem balance is depreciated as well (Hussain et al. 2018). A substantial amount of unprocessed or inadequately treated wastewaters from domestic industry and agriculture are being discharged into the rivers, which degrades the water quality and produces significant negative impacts on freshwater organisms (Colin et al. 2016). These anthropogenic activities generate heavy metals in the environment that pose serious threats to human health due to their toxicity, persistency, abiotic degradation, and bioaccumulation Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Funda Turan [email protected] 1
Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Iskenderun Technical University, P.O. Box 31200, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey
(Bonanno and Giudice 2010). Heavy metal accumulation to toxic levels in water, sediments and aquatic organisms lead to ecological damage which threaten human health throughout the food chain (Bo
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