Effect of IW:CPE-Based Irrigation Scheduling and N-Fertilization Rate on Yield, Water and N-Use Efficiency of Wheat ( Tr
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FULL-LENGTH RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of IW:CPE-Based Irrigation Scheduling and NFertilization Rate on Yield, Water and N-Use Efficiency of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) R. L. Choudhary1
•
P. S. Minhas2 • G. C. Wakchaure3 • S. K. Bal4 • P. Ratnakumar5
Received: 26 August 2019 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 Ó NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences) 2020
Abstract Under emerging water scarcities in the face of global warming, optimization of irrigation and nutrient inputs is essential to maximize input-use efficiency. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with wheat for 2-years to evaluate the effects of N and deficit irrigations on yield formation, water productivity (WP) and nitrogen-uptake efficiency (NUE). Treatment consisted of combinations of four N application levels, i.e., 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 as main-plot factors and seven levels of irrigation water (IW; equaling 1.00, 0.85, 0.70, 0.55, 0.40, 0.25 and 0.10 times of the cumulative open pan evaporation, CPE) as sub-plot factors. After pre-plant and first post-planting irrigation through flood method, linesource sprinklers were used. Grain yield increased with applied N and was the maximum (3.39–4.66 Mg ha-1) at IW:CPE 0.85 and declined @ 0.67–0.81 Mg ha-1 for every 0.1 IW:CPE. Application of 150 kg N ha-1 improved the grain yield by 6.0–8.9% over 120 kg N ha-1 under medium stress (IW:CPE 0.41–0.70) and no stress ([ 0.70) conditions, but showed little impact under severe stress (0.10–0.40) conditions. Rather it declined by 45.3–66.1 and 13.0–26.1% at 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 over 120 kg N ha-1, respectively under the latter. The WP and NUE ranged between 1.28–1.36 kg m-3 and 37.4–38.4%, respectively, with 120–150 kg N ha-1, while the counter figures were 0.99 kg m-3 and 30.2% with 60 kg N ha-1. On the whole, results indicate basing N applications on the water availability for irrigation for optimal grain yields where, WP and NUE vis-a`-vis benefits can be maximized under deficit irrigation conditions. Keywords Deficit irrigation Line-source sprinkler Water-nitrogen interactions Water productivity Wheat
Introduction
& R. L. Choudhary [email protected] 1
ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur 321303, India
2
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
3
ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
4
ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India
5
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India
The adaptability of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol) under diversified climatic conditions make it world’s most widely cultivated food crop. It is the second most important staple food crop in India after rice contributing about 37.1% of the food demand. The low input of supplemental irrigation water and nutrients is the major factors to achieve its yield potential in several parts [26]. Its productivity usually increased with increase in supply of the nitrogen (N) and water
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