Effect of Metal Contaminants and Antioxidants on the Oxidation Stability of Argemone mexicana Biodiesel: Experimental an
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Metal Contaminants and Antioxidants on the Oxidation Stability of Argemone mexicana Biodiesel: Experimental and Statistical Study Mandeep Singh1 · Deepak Kumar Singh1 · Surjit Kumar Gandhi2 · Amit Sarin3 · Sanjeev Saini4 · Sunil Kumar Mahla5 · Ajay Gupta2 · Sarbjot Singh Sandhu1 Received: 7 September 2019 / Accepted: 16 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Biodiesel’s auto-oxidation by metal catalyzed decomposition of hydroxides (ROOH) is a major hurdle restricting the commercial viability of biodiesel. This paper investigates the oxidation stability of argemone biodiesel contaminated with transition metals such as: Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Co. Pure argemone oil biodiesel (ABD) has a rancimat induction period of 2.5 h which does not satisfy the ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 standard limits of 3 and 8 h respectively. The results show that the presence of a metal in argemone oil results in accelerating the free radical oxidation reaction. To meet the desired standards, present work experimentally investigates the effect of various antioxidants like BHT, BHA, TBHQ, PY, and PG in the range of 100–500 ppm on argemone oil biodiesel. Effectiveness order of antioxidants in pure biodiesel was observed as: PY > PG > BHA > BHT > TBHQ. The 500 ppm of most effective antioxidant pyrogallol (PY) has the potential to enhance the induction period of argemone biodiesel above 8 h which is vital by EN-14214 standard. Based on the results of most effective antioxidant PY and varying concentration of metals (Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Co), several correlations have been developed to calculate the induction period of argemone oil biodiesel, as a function of antioxidant and metal concentration. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Induction period · Argemone mexicana · Metal contaminants · Antioxidants * Sarbjot Singh Sandhu [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Abbreviations FAME Fatty acid methyl ester ABD Argemone Biodiesel SOME Soybean oil methyl ester JBD Jatropha biodiesel IP Induction period TBHQ Tertiary butylhydroquinone BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene BHA Butylated hydroxyanisole PG Propyl gallate PY Pyrogallol
Statement of Novelty Argemone mexicana comes in the category of noxious weed in many countries due to its harmful effect on humans and animals. Argemone oil has a potential to serve as a potential non-edible source for biodiesel production and studies are available that confirms the benefit of its usage as fuel in diesel engine. However, studies on the oxidation stability of argemone biodiesel (neat & metal contaminated) have not been conducted so far. Also, no correlations are available in literature for predicting the oxidation stability of ABD. Thus, the present work aims at studying the oxidation stability of neat and metal contaminated argemone biodiesel and prediction of oxidation stability as a function of metal contaminants and antioxidant concentration.
Introduction Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy
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