Effect of microcystins at different rice growth stages on its yield, quality, and safety
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of microcystins at different rice growth stages on its yield, quality, and safety Chanjuan Liang 1,2,3
&
Xudong Ma 2 & Hongyue Liu 2
Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Microcystins (MCs) in water for irrigation may damage crop growth and enter food chains to threaten human health. To evaluate the potential risk of irrigation water contaminated with MCs, we exposed rice at each of the seedling, booting, and filling stages to irrigation water spiked with MCs at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L for 7 days. Afterwards, all rice underwent a recovery (without MCs) till the harvest. Low MCs (1 or10 μg/L) during different rice growth stages did not affect its yield and nutritional quality and had no risk to human health. High-concentration MCs (100 or 1000 μg/L) during the seedling or booting stage caused a larger decrease in the nutritional quality and yield of rice grains than that during the filling stage. In addition, MCs at 100 μg/L during the booting stage or at 1000 μg/L during the filling stage potentially threatened human health. The effect of MCs on rice yield, quality, and health risk was associated with the MC concentration and rice growth stage. Irrigation water contaminated with moderate-concentration MCs should be of concern at the early growth stage of rice. Keywords Microcystins . Irrigation water . Rice growth stage . Nutritional quality . Health risk assessment
Introduction Harmful algal blooms occur frequently worldwide reportedly due to climate change and anthropogenic activities (Visser et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2012). Microcystins (MCs), as a group of cyanobacterial toxins, have raised many concerns due to their high frequency of occurrence, high concentration, and high toxicity in freshwater (Corbel et al. 2014). To avoid MCs threatening human health through drinking water and food, a guideline value as 1 μg/L MC-LR (one of the most common MC variants) is set for drinking water and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value as 0.04 μg/kg body weight/day is set for a 60-kg adult (Chorus and Bartrarm 1999). Actually, Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Chanjuan Liang [email protected]; [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
2
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
3
Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
total MC concentrations in surface waters used as irrigation sources range from 4 to 50 μg/L and even up to 6500 μg/L in extreme cases (Corbel et al. 2014). MC-contaminated water negatively affects crop growth and development, causing great crop yield losses (Bittencourt-Oliveira et al. 2016b; Corbel et al. 2015; El Khalloufi et al. 2012; Pflugmacher et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2017). Moreover, the edible part of cro
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