Effect of nanoclay content on the thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of epoxy nanocomposites
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Effect of nanoclay content on the thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of epoxy nanocomposites M. H. Mat Yazik1 · M. T. H. Sultan1,2,3 · A. U. M. Shah2 · M. Jawaid2 · Norkhairunnisa Mazlan1,2 Received: 30 May 2019 / Revised: 25 November 2019 / Accepted: 4 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The bright future of shape memory epoxy polymer (SMEP), to be used in critical industries, can be refined by enhancing its properties and overcoming its limitations. Depicting the great performance of nanofillers in polymer composites, their inclusion in SMEP is expected to emphasize the properties of SMEP. In this study, experimental analyses are conducted to study the effects of nanoclay content on the thermal and mechanical properties of SMEP through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), flexural testing and shape memory cyclic testing. The epoxy systems, made of EPON 826 and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NGDE) and incorporated with 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt% montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay, are prepared for characterization. It is found that increasing the nanoclay content decreases the glass transition temperature and increases the thermal stability of SMEP, through DMA and TGA, respectively. The highest values of both the storage modulus at glassy region from DMA and the flexural modulus from the flexural testing are observed for the nanocomposites with 3 wt% nanoclay content. The XRD analysis and TEM micrograph support these results. Meanwhile, only a small difference is observed based on TGA data. Addressing the main use of SMEP, the increment of nanoclay content has improved the shape recovery and shape fixity through the shape memory cyclic testing. Keywords Shape memory epoxy · Nanocomposite · Nanoclay · Shape recovery · Flexural · Dynamic mechanical analysis · Thermogravimetric
* M. T. H. Sultan [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Shape memory materials (SMMs) are a group of shape-responsive materials, which can virtually hold a temporary shape forever until the right stimulus is applied to trigger the shape recovery process and return to the original shape. The SMM group can be classified as shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers (SMPs), shape memory ceramics (SMCs) and shape memory hybrids (SMHs). The enabler mechanism of shape memory effect (SME) in SMA is the reversible martensitic–austenitic transformation. On the other hand, the SME mechanism in SMP is the dual-domain systems, which are the hard segment and the soft segment. In SMC, the mechanism can either be the reversible phase transformation, similar to SMA, or multiphase systems that resemble those in SMP. Indirectly, SMHs are made out of at least two component materials that have no SME individually, but share the same mechanism as SMP, when coupled. Although SMA and SMC are the mo
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