Effect of Ni 2+ and Fe 3+ Ion Concentrations on Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and Impedance Response of NiFe 2 O 4 Nano
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Ni2+ and Fe3+ Ion Concentrations on Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and Impedance Response of NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol-Gel Process R. Sankaranarayanan 1 & S. Shailajha 1 & M. S. Kairon Mubina 1 & C. P. Anilkumar 2 Received: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, NiFe2O4 (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, and 3:1) nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel method and thermally treated at 900 °C. The reflection planes with single and two phases by homogeneous and nonhomogeneous distributions of Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions in cubic spinel nickel ferrite samples confirmed by using XRD patterns through the Rietveld refinement method and FTIR analysis. The changes in structural parameters correlated with the morphology and elements obtained from FESEM and EDS analysis. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra images indicate that the band gap ranges from 1.87 to 1.57 eV by varying the ratios of precursors. The homogeneity of Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions between the octahedral and tetrahedral sites plays a desired role in the magnetic and impedance responses. Maximum saturation magnetization of 66.26 emu/g with pure ferromagnetic behavior and high impedance response of 1.15 × 105 Ω were obtained, and then the value decreased due to the nonhomogeneous distribution. Keywords Nickel ferrite . Nanoparticles . Sol-gel . Ferromagnetism . Nonhomogeneous
1 Introduction Nanoparticles have been used in many applications including ferrofluids, catalysts, microwave devices, gas sensors, and magnetic sensors [1]. Ferromagnetic oxides with an inverse spinel structure having the common formula MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Mg, Zn, etc.) are the well-known ferrite family having numerous magnetic applications due to the equal occupation of Fe and M cations on tetrahedral (8a) and octahedral (16d) sites [2, 3]. Spinel ferrites are the most interesting magnetic oxides widely used due to their good structural, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties [4, 5]. Among various ferrites, nickel ferrite is a highly soft magnetic material with low coercivity, high saturation magnetization, and electrical resistivity [6]. Hence, it is a suitable material for magnetic, magneto-optical, and magnetoelectric applications [7].
* S. Shailajha [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Equatorial Geophysical Research Laboratory, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
Nickel is a divalent Ni2+ cation, showing a strong preference to octahedral site, and iron is a trivalent Fe3+ and divalent Fe2+ ions occupying tetrahedral sites to create the equal distribution and covalent bond formation with divalent cations. It exhibits the homogeneous distribution of the cations among tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites [8]. The distribution can be tailored in the highest crystalline magnetic nanoparticles by varying the precursor ratios. From this, researchers could find the effect of homogeneous and nonhomogeneou
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