Effect of Nitric Oxide on Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Tomato Under Chromium Toxicity
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Effect of Nitric Oxide on Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Tomato Under Chromium Toxicity M. Nasir Khan1 · Saud Alamri2 · Abdullah A. Al‑Amri2 · Qasi D. Alsubaie2 · Bandar Al‑Munqedi2 · Hayssam M. Ali2 · Vijay Pratap Singh3 · Manzer H. Siddiqui2 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule with diverse physiological functions, improves immunity of the plant against different environmental stresses. Heavy metal stress-induced structural and functional damages in cells are common consequences. Seed germination and seedlings development are crucial phases in the life cycle of a plant. The present experiment was designed to investigate how NO suppresses hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)-provoked impairment in the key processes during seed germination and seedlings development of tomato. This study reports that Cr(VI) stress significantly impaired seed germination attributes and the activity of hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-amylase (α-A) and protease (Pr). However, exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside substantially improved seed germination parameters and upregulation of α-A and Pr. Furthermore, NO improved the content of nitrogen (N), NO, and proline (Pro), and modulated the activity of enzymes involved in Pro and N-assimilation. Under Cr(VI) toxicity conditions, NO improved the content of metal ligation compounds (non-protein thiols and total thiols), ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), and maintained higher content of GSH in glutathione pool (GSH:GSSG) and suppressed the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and protein carbonylation, and electrolyte leakage. It may be concluded that NO improved the activity of hydrolyzing and Pro and N-metabolism enzymes. Application of NO also enhanced non-enzymatic antioxidants, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity under Cr(VI) toxicity conditions, thereby improved enhanced seed germination and seedlings vigor. Keywords Seed germination · Proline metabolism · Glutathione pool · Nitric oxide · Heavy metal
Introduction Heavy metals are one of the major threats to the environment, plants, animals and humans due to their outrageous lethality. Chromium (Cr), as compared to other heavy metals, has not received enough attention from the plant * M. Nasir Khan [email protected] * Manzer H. Siddiqui [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Environmental Research Unit, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455, Saudi Arabia
3
Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
biologist. However, Cr is established as a toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic metal because it is highly soluble and easily convertible from one oxidation state to another owing to its high redox potential (Shekar et al. 2013).
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