Effect of Vanadium on Testa, Seed Germination, and Subsequent Seedling Growth of Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)
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Effect of Vanadium on Testa, Seed Germination, and Subsequent Seedling Growth of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Zhen‑zhong Wu1,2 · You‑xian Zhang1 · Jin‑yan Yang2 · Yan Zhou3 · Chang‑quan Wang4 Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Seed germination is the critical initial phase in the life cycle of plant and it is affected by various exogenous factors, including heavy metals. Seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) incubated in glass Petri dish in presence of elevated concentrations of pentavalent vanadium V(V) solution (0, 0.1, 0.5, 2, 4, 10, 50 mg L −1 V, supplied as NaVO3·2H2O) were evaluated. Results showed that vanadium did not (P > 0.05) affect seed germination, final survival rate, and seedling height of alfalfa when exogenously treated dosages were ≤ 10 mg L −1 V, whereas the root vitality and −1 root elongation were distinctly inhibited at ≥ 0.5 mg L V treatments. A progressively deepened testa color at increasing vanadium concentrations during germination and an apparent modified structure of the seed coat at 50 mg L −1 V compared to control in alfalfa were noted. Alfalfa seeds showed rapid and almost synchronous radicle emergence, independently of the vanadium concentration in the medium. The accumulation of vanadium in testa is beneficial to alleviate its toxicity to the seed germination of alfalfa. Leaf proline content was dramatically increased at ≥ 0.5 mg L −1 V treatments compared with the control. Emerged seedlings displayed enough vigor and health to potentially colonize in the vanadium-contained matrix. Thus, alfalfa represents a good candidate for phytoremediation approach aimed at decontaminating environments when vanadium concentrations are within the determined thresholds. Keywords Alfalfa · Vanadium · Seed germination · Seed coat/testa · Seedling growth Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10206-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * You‑xian Zhang [email protected] * Jin‑yan Yang [email protected] Zhen‑zhong Wu [email protected] Yan Zhou [email protected] Chang‑quan Wang [email protected] 1
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
2
College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
3
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4
College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Introduction Vanadium (V), a re-emerging environmental hazard (Watt et al. 2018), has been included as a member of the contaminant list of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). There is an evidence that increasing amount of vanadium has entered into the environment (Hope 1997; Ringelband and Hehl 2000; Yang et al. 2011). Approximately 2.3 × 108 kg of vanadium was introduced into
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