Effect of plant-based carbon source supplements on denitrification of synthetic wastewater: focus on the microbiology
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of plant-based carbon source supplements on denitrification of synthetic wastewater: focus on the microbiology Beibei Zhou 1
&
Jingjing Duan 1 & Lihong Xue 1 & Jianwei Zhang 2 & Linzhang Yang 1
Received: 5 November 2018 / Accepted: 14 May 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The effects of plant-based carbon source addition on wastewater NO3−-N removal and the involved microorganisms, especially denitrifying bacteria, were investigated. A synthetic wastewater (NO3−-N, 15 mg/L) was treated through the batch experiment, which included three inoculation cycles (7 days/cycle), and was conducted at 25 °C. Four natural plant substrates, namely, rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), ryegrass (RG), and reed (RD), were used as carbon sources and supplemented at the rate of 1% (w/ v). The results showed that both RS and WS performed well in promoting NO3−-N removal (79.55–97.07%). While RG removed only 22.08% of NO3−-N in the first cycle, the removal efficiency increased afterward (86.09–95.82%). Conversely, the NO3−-N removal rate of RD decreased from 95.10 to 24.77% as a result of its low ability to supply carbon. With respect to the microorganisms, the RS treatment resulted in more bacteria and denitrifying genes such as narG, nirK, nirS, and norB than other treatments, while the highest number of nosZ gene copies was recorded in the WS treatment. Sequencing results revealed that Firmicutes (18.19–56.96%), Proteobacteria (38.82–74.80%), and Bacteroidetes (3.15–4.15%) were three dominant bacterial phyla for RS, WS, and RD treatments. Furthermore, the genera Enterobacter, Massilia, and Bacillus were the main denitrifying bacteria participating in the NO3−-N removal. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that the denitrifying genus Sphingobacterium played an important role in enhancing nitrogen removal. This study suggested that RS is the superior plantbased carbon source for denitrifying bioreactors used in agricultural runoff treatment. Keywords Agriculturalrunoff . Organic substrates . Nitrate removal . Bacterialcommunity . Denitrification . Denitrifyingbacteria
Introduction Agricultural runoff containing nitrogen fertilizer is a major contributor to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems, which is also partly responsible for the loss of biodiversity and groundwater pollution with nitrate and nitrite (Tilman et al. 2001; Responsible editor: Diane Purchase Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05454-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Linzhang Yang [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
Moore et al. 2010). Statistical dat
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