Effect of polypropylene fiber inclusion in kaolin clay stabilized with lime and nano-zeolite considering temperatures of
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of polypropylene fiber inclusion in kaolin clay stabilized with lime and nano-zeolite considering temperatures of 20 and 40 °C Hamid Reza Akbari 1 & Hassan Sharafi 1
&
Amir Reza Goodarzi 2
Received: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the effect of lime, nano-zeolite, and polypropylene fibers on EC, pH, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), E50, Eu, and indirect tensile strength (ITS) of kaolin clay cured at the temperatures of 20 and 40 °C after various treatment times. Furthermore, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to assess the microstructure of the stabilized/reinforced samples. Based on the results, the replacement of lime with nano-zeolite has a beneficial effect on mechanical characteristics. The addition of nanoparticles up to 40% replacement had the best efficiency on the strength of the stabilized samples, particularly at the temperature of 40 °C. So that the samples containing 10% lime with 40% replacement of nano-zeolite after 28 days of curing at 20 and 40 °C showed a compressive strength of about 20 and 7 times compared to that of kaolin clay. Increasing the amount of lime also increases the peak strain energy (Eu) and secant modulus (E50). Moreover, the incorporation of fibers, despite the slight decrease in compressive strength, shows a great ability to increase tensile strength and strain of the samples and, consequently, increase the Eu. The results of the XRD and SEM tests showed that the inclusion of additives in the kaolin clay altered the soil structure and form the calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gels during the pozzolanic reaction. Keywords Soft clay . Lime . Nano-zeolite . Fiber . Temperature
Introduction Kaolin clay is classified as a soft soil due to changes in its behavior, including reduced strength, in the presence of water (Ghosh and Bhattacharyya 2002; Afrasiabian et al. 2019). These soils contain large amounts of kaolinite mineral, which leads to bearing capacity and high erosion, as well as high water absorption (Salimi and Ghorbani 2020). The very complex and unpredictable behavior of this type of soil has made it
* Hassan Sharafi [email protected] Hamid Reza Akbari [email protected] Amir Reza Goodarzi [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
known as problematic soil in construction projects, and therefore, more and more attention is paid to it. Over the past decades, land use policies have sought to build on a variety of soils, including low-strength soils (e.g., kaolin clay), due to the development of cities and the increasing trend of construction. One of the methods of soil improvement that has been successfully employed in the application is chemical stabilization due to its ease of implementation and
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