Effect of Pressure on Inclusion Number Distribution During the Solidification Process of H13 Die Steel Ingot
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HIGH-PRESSURE metallurgy is a highly promising method for smelting ferrous alloys, owing to the beneficial effect of high pressure on increasing gas/volatile element solubility, suppressing shrinkage and pore formation, improving compactness, refining solidification structures, etc.,[1–4] which are especially important for smelting high-nitrogen steel. Increasing pressure has become one of the most effective approaches to enhancing the solubility of nitrogen and eliminating pore defects, during efforts to manufacture of high-nitrogen steel with a dense structure and excellent performance.[5–9] With deeper
HONG-CHUN ZHU, ZHI-YU HE and HAO FENG are with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. HUA-BING LI and ZHOU-HUA JIANG are with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University and also with the State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted May 20, 2020; accepted September 22, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
investigation and knowledge of the advantages of high pressure, the novel method of high-pressure metallurgy has been gradually applied to improve the solidification structure and performance of steel such as M42 high-speed steel as well as high-nitrogen steel.[6,8,10,11] These improvements in the solidification structure include refining the dendrite structure, reducing the average thickness of ledeburite, changing the morphology and size of carbides, suppressing shrinkage, etc.[3,4,6,12] As a key feature of the solidification structure, nonmetallic inclusion characteristics need to be investigated, as they are very important to further revealing the advantages of high-pressure metallurgy.[13,14] It is well recognized that the characteristics (amount, size, distribution, etc.) of nonmetallic inclusions have a serious impact on the performance (mechanics, corrosion, etc.) of steel.[15–18] Meanwhile, improving the inclusion number distribution and removing nonmetallic inclusions as completely as possible is a very effective method for reducing defects in steel and improving its performance.[15,17,19–22] To improve the inclusion number distribution, the forces imposed on the inclusion play key roles; these forces include gravity force, buoyancy force, drag force, added mass force, lift force, rebound force, etc.[23–27] They are mainly determined by investigating
physical fields, including temperature, flow, gravity, electromagnetic fields, etc.[28–32] Thus, a series of measures have been taken to improve inclusion number distribution by optimizing the physical field, such as the use of gas-stirred ladles, and the magnetic field added in the continuous casting of steel.[27,33] For high-pressure metallurgy, pressure is a critical factor.[2] Thus far, it has been confirmed that increasing pressure affects the physical fields in various aspects during solidification. These effects inclu
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