Prediction of Inclusion Evolution During Refining and Solidification of Steel: Computational Simulation and Experimental
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ave been widely employed as automotive parts. However, the spinel inclusions, which are formed during the ladle refining process, have the potential to cause nozzle clogging as well as defects in products. Furthermore, the liquid oxide inclusions in the steel melt can be transformed to spinel inclusions during the casting process.[1–12] Hence, it is crucial to predict inclusion evolution during the ladle refining and continuous casting processes. The kinetic model for the ladle refining process has been developed by several authors as follows.[13–33] Galindo et al.[22] developed a kinetic model based on the coupled reaction model to quantify the transition from alumina to spinel inclusions during the ladle refining process. Using this model, they predicted magnesium pickup from ladle slag and calculated the increasing rate of magnesium content in the inclusions. A similar approach was also employed by Harada et al.[23–25] to predict the changes in slag, steel, and inclusion compositions as a function of reaction time.
More recently, several researchers developed a ladle furnace (LF) process simulation by applying the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) model using the FactSage macro processing code which was originally proposed by Van Ende and Jung.[27–33] We recently developed the macro simulation module for the refractory-slag-metal-inclusion multiphase reaction model, called the ‘ReSMI multiphase reaction model’, by integrating the refractory-slag, slag-metal, and metal-inclusion elementary reactions to predict the evolution of inclusions during the secondary refining process.[29–32] Models predicting the formation behavior of inclusions during the solidification of steel have also been developed by several researchers. Matsumiya et al.[34] developed a method for predicting segregation and compositional change of inclusions during the solidification of steel. Additionally, Yamada et al.[35] developed a simulator for calculating the solidification path and precipitation of non-metallic inclusions in stainless steel. In this model, segregation behavior of solute elements during solidification is calculated using the Clyne-Kurz treatment coupled with the equilibrium precipitation calculation of non-metallic inclusions in steel. Matsumiya et al.[34,35] made following assumptions.
JAE HONG SHIN is with the R&D Center, Hyundai Steel, Dangjin 1480, Korea. JOO HYUN PARK is with the Department of Materials Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea and also with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted August 29, 2019.
1. The solid/liquid interface is in local equilibrium. 2. Solutes in the liquid phase are completely mixed and in equilibrium with uniformly distributed non-metallic inclusions. 3. Solute enrichments in the residual liquid steel during solidification were estimated by the Clyne–Kurz model.
I.
INTRODUCTION
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
4. Non-metallic
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