Effect of Star Anise as a Natural Antioxidant Additive on the Oxidation Stability of Lemon Grass Oil
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Star Anise as a Natural Antioxidant Additive on the Oxidation Stability of Lemon Grass Oil Bose Narayanasamy1 · Nagarajan Jeyakumar1 · Dhinesh Balasubramanian1 Received: 20 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Oxidation of biodiesel leads to its degradation and reduces its market value. The oxidation stability of lemongrass oil produced through the steam distillation process can be improved by means of star anise antioxidant addition. Star anise antioxidant was converted into fine powder through ball milling. The morphology of antioxidant has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and elemental composition by Energy Dispersive Spectrum and Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur analysis. The presence of antioxidant promoting components was revealed by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on antioxidant particles has been carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The scavenging ability of the star anise antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH assay (%) at various concentrations (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) and found to be 80.67, 81.38, and 81.73 respectively. The total phenolic content was evaluated through the Folin–Ciocalteu method and calculated to be 134.2 Gallic Acid Equivalent mg/g. The oxidation stability in terms of induction period was evaluated through the accelerated oxidation test called Rancimat method. The addition of antioxidant increased the IP from 2.50 to 19.79 h at 1500 ppm. Thus the addition of antioxidant enhanced the storage stability of LGO and thereby improving its market value. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Steam distillation · Lemongrass · Natural antioxidant · Oxidation stability · Induction period * Nagarajan Jeyakumar [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Abbreviation LGO Lemon grass oil SEM Scanning electron microscope EDS Energy dispersive spectrum CHNS Carbon hydrogen nitrogen sulphur FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy DSC Differential scanning calorimetry TGA Thermogravimetric analysis DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl FCR Folin Ciocalteu reagent GAE Gallic acid equivalent HC Hydrocarbon CO Carbon monoxide NOx Oxides of nitrogen HRR Heat release rate ppm Parts per million BTE Brake thermal efficiency BSEC Brake specific energy consumption BSFC Brake specific fuel consumption CO2 Carbon dioxide EGR Exhaust gas recirculation GCMS Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy TBHQ Tert-butyl hydro quinone PY Pyrogallol PG Propyl gallate IP Induction period
Statement of Novelty The oxidative stability of the Lemon Grass Oil gets reduced during storage due to environmental conditions. This affects the fuel properties which in turn reduces its market value. The novelty of the current work relies on the usage of the natural antioxidant namely Star anise to improve the storage stability of Lemon Grass oil. The selected antioxidant
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