Effect of sterilization processes on the properties of a silane hybrid coating applied to Ti6Al4V alloy
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Charlene Garcia, João Antonio P. Henriques, and Mariana Roesch Ely Laboratory of Genomics, Proteomics and DNA Repair, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 1130, RS, Brazil
Eliena Jonko Birriel and Rosmary Nichele Brandalise Postgraduate Program in Process and Technology Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 1130, RS, Brazil
Célia de Fraga Malfatti Research Laboratory Corrosion (LAPEC), University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 9500, RS, Brazil (Received 28 July 2017; accepted 13 October 2017)
Sterilization is one of the last stages prior to the implantation of a biomaterial. Therefore, the method should be chosen carefully as this is determinant not to compromise the properties of the material. In this context, three sterilization processes were evaluated as to their effect on the properties of a silane hybrid coating: steam autoclave, ethylene oxide, and hydrogen peroxide plasma. The coating was obtained from a sol consisting of alkoxysilane Tetraethoxysilane and organoalcoxysilane Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), applied to the Ti6Al4V substrate, to increase its corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. After sterilization, the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, profilometry, wetabillity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior was monitored by open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization curves. The cytocompatibility was evaluated by adhesion, viability, and morphological alterations in the MG-63 cells. The results showed that the protective behavior of the hybrid coating was compromised regardless of the sterilization method. However, the steam autoclave caused more morphological changes on the silane hybrid coating as well as on the Ti6Al4V substrate than the other two sterilization methods. Although the sterilized hybrid coating did not show cytotoxicity, the hybrid coating sterilized by hydrogen peroxide plasma showed a higher percentage of viable cells. The ethylene oxide presented the lowest percentage of viability and the highest cell death rate.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sterilization of biomaterials aims at eliminating microorganisms, including bacteria, spores, and fungi.1 Manufacturers of medical devices must ensure compliance of their products with quality requirements and specifications established in regard to regulations for microbial contamination.2 Different sterilization methods can be used, such as: steam and dry autoclave, ethylene oxide, radiations (ultraviolet and gamma), low temperature chemical sterilization (formaldehyde and peracetic acid), among others.3,4 Each method has advantages and disadvantages and can even modify the surface of the Contributing Editor: Amit Bandyopadhyay a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.429
materials as well as promote chemical, physical, morphological, and biological changes.5 In the case of implants, these properties directly affect the interactions and biocomp
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