Effect of sterilization processes on nanostructured Ti6Al4V surfaces obtained by electropolishing
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Effect of sterilization processes on nanostructured Ti6Al4V surfaces obtained by electropolishing Leonardo Marasca Antonini1,a), Célia de Fraga Malfatti1, Gwendolen C. Reilly2, Robert Owen2, Antonio Shigueaki Takimi3 1
LAPEC/PPGE3M, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brasil Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for in Silico Medicine (INSIGNEO), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. 3 ELETROCORR/PPGE3M, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brasil a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] 2
Received: 1 October 2018; accepted: 11 January 2019
Electrochemical treatments, such as electropolishing on titanium alloys, are used to promote the formation of nanostructured surfaces, which can contribute to the bone regeneration process. However, sterilization methods can change the superficial and physicochemical properties of the biomaterials. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three sterilization methods (air plasma, ethanol + PBS, and autoclave sterilizations) on nanostructured Ti6Al4V surfaces properties obtained by electrochemical treatment. These methods, especially the first two, have been widely used in literature, yet few studies in the literature highlight the changes on the surface of the samples. The nanostructures were obtained by electropolishing in a H2SO4/HF/glycerine solution, at 25 V and at 7 °C for 4 min. Samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), profilometry, and wettability. Samples were seeded with hESC-MPs, and the cell number was measured. The air plasma sterilization did not promote changes in nanometric morphology and roughness of the Ti6Al4V nanostructured samples. Unlike air plasma sterilization, the ethanol + PBS and the autoclave sterilizations, which strongly affected the nanostructured surface morphology and properties, and, consequently, the cellular viability after 7 days of contact with human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitors (hESC-MPs).
Introduction Ti6Al4V has been used for biomedical applications because it exhibits elevated mechanical and corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility [1]. Superficial treatments for texturing, such as electropolishing, have been proposed to control the roughness and wettability, aiming at increasing the biomaterial–implant contact. In the process of architecture and formation of the bone, nanostructured biomaterials have been used [2]. Many studies have revealed that nanostructured biomaterials promote bone regeneration, thus favoring adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells [3, 4]. Nanostructured biomaterials have strong interaction with cells; hence, they help the stimulation of osseointegration in these cells [5]. Zhao et al. (2012) showed that nanostructured titanium surfaces have significative effect on cell differentiation [6]. Moreover, Liao et al. (2014) reported that nanotopography can
ª Materials Research Society 2019
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