Effect of the order of incorporation of cake ingredients on the formation of batter and the final properties: contributi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of the order of incorporation of cake ingredients on the formation of batter and the final properties: contribution of the addition of pea flour A. F. Monnet1 • M. H. Jeuffroy2 • C. Villemejane1 • C. Michon1
Revised: 25 October 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 Ó Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020
Abstract The investigation dealt with the effect of the replacement of a part of wheat flour by pea flour on the properties of batters and cakes. As the protein composition of pea flour differs from that of wheat, the effect of its incorporation on batter formation and cake properties was monitored throughout the different steps of cake processing. The incorporation of air, which influences the cell structure and density of the cake, was the subject of particular attention. Four orders of incorporation were first investigated to identify their effects on a standard recipe made with 100% wheat flour. Mixing first egg and sugar together allows introducing air, but most of it is lost after oil and flour introduction. Whatever the order of incorporation, the density of the batter ends around 1.1 ± 0.2 g.cm-1. However, batter consistencies are significantly different and resulting cakes show different crumb structures. These results are discussed in terms of physicochemical mechanisms, and a schematic representation of the phenomena occurring at the different steps of mixing depending on the order of ingredient incorporation is proposed. When 20 and 40% of the wheat flour was replaced by pea flour using the two most energy-efficient orders of incorporation, more air was incorporated into the batter. However, the resulting cakes were denser, but surprisingly softer. Differences in cell structure explain this apparent contradiction.
& C. Michon [email protected] 1
Universite´ Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France
2
Universite´ Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Agronomie, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
Keywords Legume flour Cereal-legume blends Texture Cell structure Foamability Physicochemical
Introduction The sustainability of food systems has become a priority area for research, particularly because of their impact on the environment and health. Livestock supply chains are being targeted for their negative environmental externalities and low protein yield (Reijnders and Soret 2003; FAO 2011). Plant proteins are interesting substitutes but their essential amino acid profiles are poorly balanced compared to those of animal proteins and to those of human needs. Cereal proteins are deficient in lysine while legume proteins are deficient in sulfur amino acids (Young and Pellett 1994). The idea of combining them in enriched cereal products has been widely promoted, and many authors have investigated the nutritional, structural and sensory impacts involved (Asif et al. 2013; Noorfarahzilah et al. 2014). Up to now, only a few studies have been focused on incorporating legume flour in cakes, and even fewer have invest
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