Effect of waste fillers addition on properties of high-density polyethylene composites: mechanical properties, burning r
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Effect of waste fillers addition on properties of high‑density polyethylene composites: mechanical properties, burning rate, and water absorption S. Z. M. Rasib1 · M. Mariatti1 · H. Y. Atay2 Received: 12 July 2020 / Revised: 28 September 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Generally, fillers are added in thermoplastic polymers to enhance their mechanical properties, reduces cost, and improve appearance of the composites. In this paper, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with different waste fillers such as silica, kaolin, calcium carbonate, and fly ash with an aim to compare the composite performance and effects of different filler loading. Tensile test, impact test, burning test, and water absorption were used to characterize the HDPE composites. Results show that addition of fillers in HDPE improved the tensile modulus, reduced 14% of the burning rate, and increased water absorption over time, compared to unfilled HDPE. However, tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break reduced by 30–50%, 50%, and 98% compared to the neat HDPE, respectively. Addition of calcium carbonate in HDPE shows the best fire retardant, the highest tensile strength, and the longest elongation at break as compared to composites with silica, fly ash, and kaolin. Keywords Polymer composites · HDPE · Waste filler · Tensile · Impact
Introduction There has been an increased interest in composite materials over the last two decades, especially composites produced from polymeric matrices. But most of the commonly used resins are obtained from the petroleum industry, which generally generate large volumes of wastes and contaminates [1, 2]. This often pose significant threats to the environment, but efforts have been concerted on development of * M. Mariatti [email protected] 1
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2
Department of Material Science and Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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bio-composites, where at least one of the components is derived from renewable resources [3, 4]. Usually, the resin may be derived from renewable resources, or reinforcing fillers derived from renewable resources may be incorporated into petroleum-based resins to produce environmentally benign composites. Nevertheless, the performance of composites in different applications is largely dependent on factors such as the intrinsic properties of individual components, their interactions, and fabrication processes [5]. Currently, different thermoplastics are being investigated, and reinforcing fillers are commonly incorporated into these plastics to enhance their physical, chemical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical performance [6–11]. However, reports have indicated that poor compatibility between these thermoplastics which are inherently hydrophobic and hydrophilic bio-fillers often result in reduced mechanical performance d
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