Effect of Water Temperature on Suspended Sediment Concentration and Particle Size in Ionized Water
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RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of Water Temperature on Suspended Sediment Concentration and Particle Size in Ionized Water Sivakumar Ramalingam1 · Venu Chandra1 Received: 4 July 2018 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 © Shiraz University 2020
Abstract Suspended sediment load to water bodies is governed by climate change and human activities. Fluctuation in water temperature due to climate change affects the suspended sediment deposition. In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to understand the influence of water temperature on suspended sediment concentration and its particle size in ionized water. Experiments are conducted in an annular flume with kaolin (d50 = 6.9 μm) and ionized water by changing water temperature (30, 40, and 50 °C), bed shear stress (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 N/m2), and initial suspended sediment concentration (1, 2, and 4 g/L). Results show that rise in water temperature causes decrease in both settling flux and degree of deposition, but particle size increases. Variation in initial suspended sediment concentration has an inverse effect on settling flux and has minimum influence on degree of deposition. Size of suspended sediments showed direct relation with initial suspended sediment concentration. Keywords Water temperature · Suspended sediment concentration · Ionized water · Bed shear stress · Particle size
1 Introduction Around the world, many rivers predominantly carry suspended sediments as their major sediment load. These suspended sediments settle by forming flocs (Mehta 2013) and their surface charge enables them to adsorb and transport nutrients, contaminants, and pollutants to coastal and deepsea ecosystem. Transport of contaminated sediments through different water bodies enables the microbes present in water to grow on the sediment surface (Ramalingam and Chandra 2018b). Deposition of these sediments at coastal regions creates various ecological and health problems to both human and aquatic life (Chapman and Wang 2001). Eutrophication and biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystem have increased due to an increase in contaminated sediments inflow (Owens et al. 2005). Therefore, it is important to understand the physical process of suspended sediment transport which is governed by various parameters of both flow and suspended * Venu Chandra [email protected] Sivakumar Ramalingam [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
sediment (Eisma 1986; Krone 1962). Ions present in the flow medium affect behaviour of suspended sediments by altering the double layer thickness (Ravisangar et al. 2005). In a quiescent fluid system, flocculation and settling velocity of suspended sediment increase with an increase in water ionic strength (Fukuda and Lick 1980). This phenomenon is due to domination of London–van der Waals attractive forces over inter-particle electrochemical repulsive forces between sediment particles (Mehta et al. 1989). The settling velocity of suspended sediments is directly proportional to cati
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