Effects of benzene on gilts ovarian cell functions alone and in combination with buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of benzene on gilts ovarian cell functions alone and in combination with buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex Alexander V. Sirotkin 1 & Martina Macejková 1 & Adam Tarko 1 & Zuzana Fabova 1 & Abdulkarem Alrezaki 2 & Saleh Alwasel 2 & Abdel Halim Harrath 2 Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We aimed to examine the influence of benzene and of three dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plant extracts—buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum), rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), and vitex, (Vitex Agnus-Castus), and the combination of benzene with these three plant extracts on basic ovarian cell functions. Specifically, the study investigated the influence of benzene (0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/mL) with and without these three plant additives on porcine ovarian granulosa cells cultured during 2 days with and without these additives. Cell viability, proliferation (accumulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), apoptosis (accumulation of Bcl-2associated X protein, bax), and the release of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) were analyzed by the Trypan blue test, quantitative immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Benzene reduced cell viability, as well as P and E release. Plant extracts, given alone, were able directly promote or suppress ovarian cell functions. Furthermore, buckwheat and rooibos, but not vitex prevented the inhibitory action of benzene on cell viability. Buckwheat induced the stimulatory action of benzene on proliferation. Rooibos and vitex promoted benzene effect on cell apoptosis. All these plant additives were able to promote suppressive action of benzene on ovarian steroidogenesis. These observations show that benzene may directly suppress ovarian cell viability, P, and E release and that buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex can directly influence ovarian cell functions and modify the effects of benzene—prevent toxic influence of benzene on cell viability and induce stimulatory action of benzene on ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis. The observed direct effects of benzene and these plants on ovarian cells functions, as well as the functional interrelationships of benzene and these plants, should be taken into account in their future applications. Keywords Benzene . Buckwheat . Rooibos . Vitex . Ovary . Proliferation . Apoptosis . Steroid hormones
Introduction The adverse effects of environmental contaminants on human and animal health have been well documented. One of the most ubiquitous and dangerous oil-related contaminants is benzene, which can have toxic, genotoxic, and cancerogenic effects on different organs (WHO 2003; IARC Working Responsible editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Alexander V. Sirotkin [email protected] 1
Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
2
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 201
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