Buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex extracts can mitigate adverse effects of xylene on ovarian cells in vitro
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex extracts can mitigate adverse effects of xylene on ovarian cells in vitro Alexander V. Sirotkin 1 & Martina Macejková 1 & Adam Tarko 1 & Zuzana Fabova 1 & Saleh Alwasel 2 & Abdel Halim Harrath 2,3 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study examines whether selected functional food and medicinal plants can mitigate the adverse effects of xylene on ovarian cells. The influences of xylene (0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/mL), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), vitex (Vitex agnus-castus), extracts (10 μg/mL each), and a combination of xylene with these plant additives on cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells are compared. Cell viability, proliferation (PCNA accumulation), apoptosis (accumulation of bax), and release of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were analyzed by the trypan blue tests, quantitative immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Xylene suppressed all measures of ovarian cell function. Rooibos prevented all of xylene’s effects, whereas buckwheat and vitex prevented four of five of the analyzed effects (buckwheat prevented xylene influence on viability, PCNA, bax, and E2; vitex prevented xylene action on viability, PCNA, and P4 and E2). These observations show that xylene has the potential to suppress ovarian cell functions, and that buckwheat, rooibos, and vitex can mitigate those effects, making them natural protectors against the adverse effects of xylene on ovarian cells. Keywords Xylene . Plants . Ovary . Proliferation . Apoptosis . Steroid hormones
Introduction The adverse effects of environmental contaminants on human and animal health are well documented. One of the most toxic oil-related contaminants is xylene. This cyclic hydrocarbon is used as a solvent in the production of dyes, paints, polishes, and medicines, and is a known contaminant of atmospheric (Niaz et al. 2015) and aquatic (Duan et al. 2017) environments. Contact with xylene can harm the gastrointestinal, respiratory, central nervous, cardiovascular, and renal systems (Niaz et al. 2015). Xylene can also destroy reproductive processes at Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Alexander V. Sirotkin [email protected] 1
Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
2
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
different regulatory levels including affection of neuromediator receptors in the CNS, reduction in secretion of gonadotropins and peripheral hormones, embryogenesis, oogenesis, receptors to several signaling molecules in oocytes, suppression of accumulation, and phosphorylation of several protein kinases resulting arrest of ovarian cell cycle (Sirotkin and Harrath 2017). Recently reported studies indicate that xylene can dire
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