Effects of chlorpyrifos on growth and aflatoxin B 1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains on maize-based mediu
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effects of chlorpyrifos on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains on maize-based medium and maize grains Karen Magnoli 1,2 & Nicolás Benito 1,2 & Cecilia Carranza 1,2 & Melisa Aluffi 1,2 & Carina Magnoli 1,2 & Carla Barberis 1,2 Received: 6 March 2020 / Revised: 21 September 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 # Society for Mycotoxin (Research Gesellschaft für Mykotoxinforschung e.V.) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chlorpyrifos is one of the most used insecticides in agro-ecosystems and is repeatedly applied due to the increase in pest resistance, which leads to environmental accumulation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of chlorpyrifos on growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by four Aspergillus section Flavi strains, under different water conditions—aW (0.93, 0.95 and 0.98)—on maize-based medium (MMEA) and maize grains supplied with 0.06 to 1.4 mmol/L of chlorpyrifos. MMEA plates were incubated at 18, 28, and 37 °C and plates with maize grains at 25 °C during 21 days. Chlorpyrifos stimulated the growth and AFB1 production of non-target organisms, such as Aspergillus section Flavi strains, both at low (0.06 mmol/L) and at high concentrations (1.4 mmol/L) on MMEA and maize grains. Stimulation occurred over a wide range of temperature and aw conditions. The toxin concentration produced by the two strains on MMEA at 18 °C increased when the concentration of chlorpyrifos also increased, being most significant at 0.6 mmol/L. In conclusion, the presence of chlorpyrifos should be considered as a factor, together with environmental conditions, for the development of effective production practices of maize grains, in order to avoid fungal growth and AFB1 production, to prevent both economic losses and risks to human and animal health. Keywords Aspergillus section Flavi . Chlorpyrifos . Growth parameters . Aflatoxin B1
Introduction The agriculture in Argentina is based on extensive production of crops, vegetable, and fruits (Cabrini and Calcaterra 2016). The largest cultivated area corresponds to maize, soybean, sunflowers, peanuts, and wheat. Maize (Zea mays) is the main crop in the agricultural central regions of the provinces of Córdoba, Buenos Aires, and Santa Fe (Ministerio de Agricultura Presidencia de la Nación 2018), being one of the most important cereals for human diet and animal feed (Wu and Guclu 2013). Likewise, it is one of the most important
* Carla Barberis [email protected] 1
Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO-CONICET). Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N° 36 Km 601 (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
2
Fellowship of CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
products in the economy of many countries (Pechanova and Pechan 2015). In the last decades, the application of agronomic practices has caused an increase in maize yield (Chavas et al. 2014). Am
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