Effects of early life stress on cocaine intake in male and female rhesus macaques
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Effects of early life stress on cocaine intake in male and female rhesus macaques Alison G. P. Wakeford 1,2,3 & Brik Kochoian 1 & Erin R. Siebert 1 & Sarah Katznelson 4 & Elyse L. Morin 1,2 & Brittany R. Howell 1,2,5,6 & Kai M. McCormack 1,7 & Michael A. Nader 8 & Mar M. Sanchez 1,2 & Leonard L. Howell 2,4 Received: 13 August 2019 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rationale It is critical to identify potential risk factors, such as a history of early life stress (ELS), that may confer specific vulnerabilities to increased drug intake. Objective In this study, we examined whether male and female rhesus monkeys with a history of ELS (infant maltreatment; MALT) demonstrated significantly greater cocaine intake compared with controls. Methods Monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine during 4-h sessions at a peak dose (0.003–0.1 mg/kg/infusion; extended access, “EA peak”) and a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/infusion (EA 0.1) of cocaine. These data were compared with data obtained previously in monkeys trained during 1-h limited access (LA) sessions at the same peak dose of cocaine used here (Wakeford et al. Psychopharmacology, 236:2785-2796, 2019). Results Monkeys significantly increased total number of infusions earned in EA compared with LA, but total session response rates significantly decreased in EA compared with LA. There was no evidence of escalation in drug intake when we compared response rates to obtain the first 20 cocaine infusions between LA and EA peak conditions. Moreover, there was no evidence of escalation in drug intake during an additional 7 weeks of self-administration at 0.1 mg/kg/injection. Conclusions The current study expands on previous reports demonstrating that rhesus macaques did not escalate cocaine intake under the experimental conditions employed and extended these findings by using a unique population of nonhuman primates with a history of infant MALT to test the hypothesis that ELS is a risk factor for escalation of cocaine intake in nonhuman primates. There was no clear evidence of escalation in cocaine intake as a consequence of ELS. Keywords Cocaine . Early life stress . Escalation . Sex . Nonhuman primates
Alison G. P. Wakeford and Brik Kochoian shared first authorship. * Alison G. P. Wakeford [email protected] 1
Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
2
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
3
Present address: Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
4
Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
5
Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24
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