Effects of Heat and Chemical Pretreatments of Banana Peels for Metal Removal in Single and Multimetal Systems
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Effects of Heat and Chemical Pretreatments of Banana Peels for Metal Removal in Single and Multimetal Systems Caleb Cheah & Chen Son Yue & Adeline Su Yien Ting
Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 25 November 2020 # The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study investigated and compared the influence of pretreatments (heat and chemical) on banana peels and their subsequent efficacy in removing toxic metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) from single and multimetal systems. Banana peels were pretreated using heat (autoclaving, microwaving, boiling) and chemical (acetic acid, nitric acid, NaOH, detergent, methanol, and DMSO) treatments, prior to biosorption tests. Results revealed that pretreatment using detergent enabled banana peels to biosorb metals at relatively higher amounts in both single (Cu-96.26%, Pb-96.72%, Zn-95.75%, Cd-96.92%) and multimetal (Cu-92.43%, Pb-95.91%, Zn-91.88%, Cd-94.42%) systems. Biosorption by detergent-treated peels were profoundly effective when 0.10 g was used, with initial metal concentration of 10 mg/l, agitation speed of 120 rpm and a solution with pH 5. Characterization of detergent pretreated banana peels via FTIR analysis showed that different pretreatments applied did not significantly modify the presence of functional groups. As such, the preexisting functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups were deemed responsible for metal removal. SEM-EDX analysis on detergent pretreated peels sugC. Cheah : A. S. Y. Ting (*) School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] C. S. Yue Department of Physical Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Tan Sri Khaw Kai Boh Building, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Setapak, Malaysia
gested that improvement to metal removal may be attributed to enlarged pore size. This suggested that pretreatment with detergent, and as with most chemicals, presented a more feasible and economical approach than heat treatments to successfully enhance metal biosorption by banana peels for wastewater treatment. Keywords Banana peels . Biosorption . Multimetal solutions . Optimisation . Wastewater treatment
1 Introduction Metals are commonly found in effluents from various industries, and they pollute the environment when discharged into the waterways (Farooq et al. 2010; Ahmad and Danish 2018). Unlike organic pollutants, metal pollutants in the environment are resistant to biodegradation and accumulate over time (Ahmad and Danish 2018). Metal bioaccumulation leads to unusually high concentrations of metals in water systems, which causes metal poisoning in aquatic animals, plants, and humans (Sud et al. 2008; Azimi et al. 2017). Removal of metals from the environment is therefore critical. Physicochemical approaches utilizing techniques such as chemical coagulation and ion exchange have been adopted. However, these techniques are generally costly and often r
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