Phytoremediation of Soil for Metal and Organic Pollutant Removal
In the recent decades, industrialization and urbanization have increased the concentration of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants in soil. Among the various strategies to tackle the environmental issues, phytoremediation may be applied to c
- PDF / 465,034 Bytes
- 22 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 56 Downloads / 242 Views
Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Environmental Toxins and Contaminants 1.2 Contaminants in the Soil and Its Risks 1.3 Soil Remediation 1.4 The Emergence of Phytoremediation 1.5 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation 2 Factors Affecting the Uptake Mechanisms 3 Genetic Engineering in the Plant Species 4 Drawback and Limitations of Phytoremediation 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects References
Abstract In the recent decades, industrialization and urbanization have increased the concentration of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants in soil. Among the various strategies to tackle the environmental issues, phytoremediation may be applied to combat pollution or recover the contaminated site or limit the degradation of such entities. It is relatively cost-efficient and environmental-friendly and also provides easy public acceptance. Mechanisms for degradation and removal of contaminants, i.e., rhizofiltration, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation, are available. However, the condition of the soil, microbes residing in the rhizosphere, and the plants to be employed are the important factors to be considered and assessed before implementing the techniques. A wide understanding and appreciation are required to interpret the interactions between the microorganisms, plants, and contaminants involved. Genetic manipulation can also be implemented for better removal and contaminant uptake. S. Sophia and V. Shetty Kodialbail (*) Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_576, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
S. Sophia and V. Shetty Kodialbail
Keywords Hyperaccumulators, Phytoremediation, Plants, Soil remediation
1 Introduction 1.1
Environmental Toxins and Contaminants
For a functional and a balanced ecosystem, the protection of the environment is a chief factor. Huge number of environmental toxins and pollutants can lead to highlevel degradation impact on the ecosystem, especially soil [1]. About 25% of the global soil is reported to be highly degraded and 44% to be significantly degraded. Various anthropogenic and natural causes lead to degradation of the soil quality by both the organic and inorganic pollutants [2]. Human activities in metalliferous mining, smelting, sewage sludge treatment, agricultural fertilizers, military training and warfare, landfills, electronic industries, electroplating, energy and fuel production [3], etc. lead to an ineluctable release of the pollutants (metals, organic compounds, etc.) to the ecosystem causing a threat to human health [4]. Therefore, the land and water availability, where these pollutants are expected to be localized, is minimalized for agricultural activity or human habitat [5].
1.2
Contaminants in the Soil
Data Loading...
