Effects of Ions on THM Formation During Chlorination of Bromide-Containing Water
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Effects of Ions on THM Formation During Chlorination of Bromide-Containing Water Na Ta
&
Chenghao Li & Yi Wang & Wuyun An
Received: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their adverse health effects such as genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. With higher formation potential and occurrence in all disinfection processes, trihalomethanes (THMs) are one of the most significant DBPs. Since ions are universally existent by natural or anthropogenic input to groundwater or surface water, the effects of ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, NH+4, As3+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+, and F−) on THM formation during chlorination in bromidecontaining water were investigated in the present study. The results showed that THM formation and speciation were substantially influenced by the ions, but the degree and mechanisms of effects were critically dependent on the ion species. THM formation was inhibited by Ca2+, Mg2+, As3+, and NH+4 significantly, and was enhanced by Fe3+, Cu2+, and Al3+. The mechanisms of influence of the above ions were interpreted for complexation, consumption, and catalysis. Furthermore, due to the higher Br− concentration, CHBr3 was the dominant species in THMs.
Keywords DBPs . THMs . Ion species . Chlorination . Drinking water
N. Ta (*) : C. Li : Y. Wang : W. An Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction Disinfection of drinking water has been considered one of the greatest advances in public health in the twentieth century, which provides safe drinking water to save millions of human lives by effectively protecting humans from many waterborne pathogens (Li and Mitch 2018; Sadiq and Rodriguez 2004). Disinfection has been widely applied in drinking water, swimming pool water, and reclaimed water treatment processes (Sun et al. 2019). However, an unintentional consequence is that disinfectants (chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone) react with natural organic matter (NOM) and other pollutants to generate disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (Sedlak and von Gunten 2011). More than 2000 DBPs form during various disinfection processes, and most of them are semi-volatile or volatile, but a few are soluble polar compounds. More than 700 DBPs have been continuously identified in recent years by applying high-resolution mass spectrometry or hybrid technology such as GC-MS, UPLC-MS, HPLCMS-MS, and TOF mass spectrometry (Ding and Zhang 2009; Yang and Zhang 2016; Hu et al. 2018; Zhai and Zhang 2011). Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) have been the most investigated DBPs in the past decades, which are the major classes with higher frequency, occurrence, and concentration in disinfection processes. Haloacetonitriles, haloaldehydes, haloketones, halonitromethanes, nitrosamines, and other new emerging DBPs have been continuously reported i
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