Effects of irradiance, temperature, nutrients, and p CO 2 on the growth and biochemical composition of cultivated Ulva f
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Effects of irradiance, temperature, nutrients, and pCO2 on the growth and biochemical composition of cultivated Ulva fenestrata Gunilla B. Toth 1 & Hanna Harrysson 2 & Niklas Wahlström 3 & Joakim Olsson 4 & Annelous Oerbekke 1 & Sophie Steinhagen 1 & Alexandra Kinnby 1 & Joel White 1 & Eva Albers 4 & Ulrica Edlund 3 & Ingrid Undeland 2 & Henrik Pavia 1 Received: 25 November 2019 / Revised and accepted: 6 May 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Ulva fenestrata is an economically and ecologically important green algal species with a large potential in seaweed aquaculture due to its high productivity, wide environmental tolerance, as well as interesting functional and nutritional properties. Here, we performed a series of manipulative cultivation experiments in order to investigate the effects of irradiance (50, 100, and 160 μmol photons m−2 s−1), temperature (13 and 18 °C), nitrate (< 5, 150, and 500 μM), phosphate (< 1 and 50 μM), and pCO2 (200, 400, and 2500 ppm) on the relative growth rate and biochemical composition (fatty acid, protein, phenolic, ash, and biochar content) in indoor tank cultivation of Swedish U. fenestrata. High irradiance and low temperature were optimal for the growth of this northern hemisphere U. fenestrata strain, but addition of nutrients or changes in pCO2 levels were not necessary to increase growth. Low irradiance resulted in the highest fatty acid, protein, and phenolic content, while low temperature had a negative effect on the fatty acid content but a positive effect on the protein content. Addition of nutrients (especially nitrate) increased the fatty acid, protein, and phenolic content. High nitrate levels decreased the total ash content of the seaweeds. The char content of the seaweeds did not change in response to any of the manipulated factors, and the only significant effect of changes in pCO2 was a negative relationship with phenolic content. We conclude that the optimal cultivation conditions for Swedish U. fenestrata are dependent on the desired biomass traits (biomass yield or biochemical composition). Keywords Aquaculture . Biochemical composition . Macroalgae . Relative growth rate . Ulva fenestrata . Ulva lactuca . Chlorophyceae
Introduction Seaweed aquaculture is a growing industry worldwide, which is worth more than 6 billion US$ per year (Buchholz et al. 2012; Buschmann et al. 2017; FAO 2018). The green seaweed genus Ulva has received a lot of attention due to its high productivity
* Gunilla B. Toth [email protected] 1
Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
2
Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
3
Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
4
Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
and wide environmental tolerance (Ye et al. 2011; Smetacek and Zingone 2
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