Effects of microcystin-LR and nitrite on the lifespan, reproduction, and heat shock responses of rotifer Brachionus caly
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Aquatic Sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of microcystin‑LR and nitrite on the lifespan, reproduction, and heat shock responses of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus at different temperatures Ye Liang1,2 · Tianheng Gao3 · Li Shao2 · Yuanqi Min2 · Jiaxin Yang2 Received: 11 August 2019 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms aggravate with increasing temperature, and the increased concentrations of toxicants such as cyanotoxins and nitrite during bloom decay adversely affect the growth of aquatic animals. Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) are induced by a wide range of environmental stressors, including temperature and toxicants. In this study, Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas was exposed to different combined solutions of microcystin-LR (0, 10, 30, and 100 µg L−1) and nitrite (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg L−1) to evaluate their effects on the rotifer lifespan, the reproductive rate (R), and the responses of four Hsp genes at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C. Results revealed that single high doses of microcystin-LR (100 µg L −1) and nitrite (5 mg L−1) were harmful to the lifespan and reproduction of rotifers. Hormesis was induced by low doses of microcystin-LR (10–30 µg L−1) and nitrite (1–3 mg L−1). At different toxicant concentrations, the expression levels of Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90 fluctuated, whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased regardless of temperature. The two toxicants induced high levels of ROS production, which negatively affected the lifespan, R, and Hsp gene expression at 30 °C (p
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