Effects of SARS-CoV-2 and its functional receptor ACE2 on the cardiovascular system
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Mingzhe Li · Siyang Chen · Xiaochen Xiang · Qiang Wang · Xiaoliu Liu
© Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020
Effects of SARS-CoV-2 and its functional receptor ACE2 on the cardiovascular system
The clinical manifestations of COVID19 are mainly respiratory symptoms, but some patients present with cardiovascular system damage such as palpitations and shortness of breath as the first or secondary symptoms. In addition, some people with basic cardiovascular disease (CVD) may have an increased risk of death. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 damage to the cardiovascular system in order to provide timely and effective treatment and reduce mortality in these patients.
Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Vertebral coronaviruses are widespread in humans and several other animals, causing a variety of acute and chronic diseases. According to the serotype and genome characteristics, the coronavirus subfamily is divided into four genera: α, β, γ, and δ [1]. The crown-like appearance of this virus under the electron microscope lent it the name “coronavirus”. Among the seven coronavirus subtypes that can infect humans, the α genus coronavirus has low pathogenicity, with asymptomatic or self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection symptoms after infection, and the β genus coronavirus causes lower respiratory tract diseases such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Patients with cardiopulmonary disease, immunocompromised individuals, inLi Mingzhe, Chen Siyang, Xiang Xiaochen contributed equally to this paper.
Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
fants, and older people may experience serious illness and death [2]. SARSCoV-2 is a linear single-stranded RNA enveloped virus belonging to the β-CoV category, closely related to SARS-CoV virus, and has the ability of rapid mutation and recombination [3]. The virus particle is enveloped in a fatty membrane, and the spike protein is on the surface of the envelope, which, as one of the major antigenic proteins of the virus, can bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor between the envelope and the host cell membrane to help the virus enter the host cell [4].
ACE2, a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a membrane-bound aminopeptidase that is highly expressed in alveolar cells and plays an important role in the cardiovascular and immune systems. It is involved in the development of heart function, hypertension, and diabetes. In addition, ACE2 has been identified as a functional receptor for coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2; [5]). SARS-CoV-2 infection is caused by the viral membrane protein binding to the ACE2 receptor on the surface of the host cell and fusing with the host cell membrane, entering the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis in a manner similar to that of hum
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