Effects of Solute and Surfactant Addition on the Crystallization and Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Powders Synthesized by
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HYDROXYAPATITE [HA, Ca10(OH)6(OH)2] and other related calcium phosphate materials are mainly used in the field of bioceramics, such as artificial bones and teeth, because of their nearly identical chemical HUI-TING CHEN and FENG-LIN YEN, Assistant Professors, HSIN-FANG CHANG, Master Student, HORNG-HUEY KO, Associate Professor, and MOO-CHIN WANG, Professor, are with the Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C. Contact e-mail: [email protected] I-MING HUNG, Associate Professor, is with the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 YuanTung Road, Chungli, Taoyunn 320, Taiwan, R.O.C. HONG-HSIN HUANG, Associate Professor, is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, 840 Cheng Ching Road, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan, R.O.C. MIN-HUSING HON, Professor, is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C. WEI-JEN SHIH, Project Manager, is with the Metal Industries Research and Development Centre, 1001 Kaonan Highway, Kaohsiung 81160, Taiwan, R.O.C. Contact e-mail: petershih@mail. mirdc.org.tw Manuscript submitted May 28, 2012. Article published online October 17, 2012 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
composition and high biocompatibility with natural bones, and hence have received considerable attention over the past three decades as implant materials.[1,2] In fact, natural bone is a nanocomposite formed by a mineral fraction containing small apatite crystals and non-stoichiometric calcium phosphate, and an organic fraction, which together confer mechanical resistance.[3] In order to simulate the natural bone structure, the synthesis of nanograde HA has received a great deal of attention in recent years.[4,5] Engineering HA at the nanoscale would give it remarkable functional properties because of its small crystal size, large surface area to volume ratio, and ultrafine structure similar to biological apatite, and would have a great impact on the implant-cell interaction in a body environment. Moreover, the osteoconductivity, solubility, and mechanical reliability of HA can be promoted by controlling its particle size and structural morphology at the nanoscale.[6,7] The process for producing wet-prepared HA is an important research topic, because it usually results in a fine crystallite microstructure, even for nano-to-submicron crystallites, which are better accepted by the host tissue.[8,9] To date, a number of low-temperature VOLUME 44A, FEBRUARY 2013—1023
synthesis processes, such as electrochemical deposition,[10–13] sol-gel methods,[14,15] hydrolysis of salts,[16–19] and microemulsion,[20] have been used to synthesize HA. In biological systems, calcium phosphate mineralization has frequently been suggested as occurring through precursor phases, such as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP, Ca3(PO4)2ÆxH2O) or octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca8H2(PO4)6Æ5H2O), befor
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