Effects of Waterborne Chronic Copper Exposure on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Metal-Element Composition in Synechogobius
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Effects of Waterborne Chronic Copper Exposure on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Metal-Element Composition in Synechogobius hasta Qi-Liang Chen • Zhi Luo • Xu Liu • Yu-Feng Song • Cai-Xia Liu • Jia-Lang Zheng Yan-Hong Zhao
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Received: 27 August 2012 / Accepted: 22 October 2012 / Published online: 15 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract The present study was conducted to determine hepatic lipid metabolism and metal-element composition in Synechogobius hasta exposed to waterborne chronic copper (Cu) concentrations of control, 57, and 118 lg Cu/l, respectively, for 30 days. Growth decreased, but hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and hepatic lipid content increased with increasing waterborne Cu levels. Staining with oil red O showed extensive steatosis in liver of Cu-exposed fish. Cu exposure increased hepatic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme activities, whereas fatty acid synthetase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferases I activities remained unaffected. Cu, zinc, iron, and manganese contents were also changed in several tissues (gill, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and muscle) in a tissue-, dose-, and time-dependent manner. This was the first study to examine the effects of waterborne Cu exposure on several enzymatic activities mediating hepatic lipogenesis and lipolysis in fish as well as to show that waterborne Cu exposure could enhance the metabolism of lipid synthesis and consequently induce the increase of hepatic lipid deposition in S. hasta.
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for most living organisms and plays an important role in aquatic physiological processes (Watanabe et al. 1997). However, during Q.-L. Chen Z. Luo (&) Y.-F. Song C.-X. Liu J.-L. Zheng Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China e-mail: [email protected] X. Liu Y.-H. Zhao Postgraduate Research Base, Panjin Guanghe Fishery Co. Ltd., Panjin 124200, China
the last several decades, increasing industrial activities and the use of CuSO4 as a fungicide in agricultural practices, as well as in the control of algae and pathogens in fish culture ponds, have increased the Cu concentration in aquatic systems, thus leading to toxicity in fish (Boyd & Massaut 1999; Carvalho & Fernandes 2008). Accordingly, Cu will become toxic for fish. The toxicity of Cu to fish has been well documented. In addition to its acute lethality (Cusimano et al. 1986), a wide range of toxicological responses of several organs to this metal have been reported in a number of fish species. Cu can be accumulated in fish body, and thus it can alter the function of gill and liver (Dautremepuits et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2012), cause histological changes in tissues and organs (Arellano et al. 1999; Fernandes & Mazon 2003; van Heerden et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2012), and induce stress responses (Wendelaar Bonga 1997; Mazon et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2010; Eyckmans et al. 2011). However, fe
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