Efficiency of Candida tropicalis for Potential Degradation of Metalaxyl in the Aqueous Media
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Efficiency of Candida tropicalis for Potential Degradation of Metalaxyl in the Aqueous Media Aly Soliman Hamed Derbalah1 · Antar El‑Banna2 · Mostafa Saad Allah1 Received: 25 January 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Biodegradation of pesticides by bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organisms is an eco-friendly, efficient, and economical method of detoxification. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of Candida tropicalis for potential degradation of metalaxyl in the aqueous media. The yeast fungus from soil with a historical application of metalaxyl has been isolated. The identification of isolated fungus was carried out using 28S rRNA. The effect of pH, temperature, and metalaxyl concentration on the growth of C. tropicalis and its ability for metalaxyl degradation was also investigated. The isolated fungus was identified as C. tropicalis based on the sequencing of D1D2 region of the 28S rRNA and BLAST search of the nucleotide sequences. The growth of C. tropicalis in the presence of metalaxyl was significantly higher than in the absence of it. A temperature of 30 °C, a pH value of 7, and metalaxyl concentration of 5 mg/L were the optimal conditions for C. tropicalis to grow and to obtain the highest degradation rate of metalaxyl. At the optimum conditions, the degradation rate and the half-life value of metalaxyl were 0.065 d-1 and 10.7 days, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, a 98% degradation of metalaxyl initial concentration obtained within 36 days. This report is novel in showing the biodegradation of metalaxyl in water by the yeast C. tropicalis, which can be a promising method in this regard.
Introduction Pesticides, as a result of the intensive and unguarded use for pests’ control, now add a large number of pollutants into the environment. The increased use of pesticides, day after day, led to contamination of water, air, and soil, and ultimately these pollutants reaching humans through the food chain. It is very necessary to degrade these pollutants in the environment to be able to live a healthy environment [1]. Metalaxyl is an important systemic acylanilide fungicide widely used against downy mildew caused by Oomycetes [2]. This systemic fungicide is an active ingredient of several commercial formulations and it is very soluble in water Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02121-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Aly Soliman Hamed Derbalah [email protected] 1
Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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(8.4 g/L at 228 °C) and is not volatile (vapor pressure: 5.62 3 1026 mmHg at 258 °C) [3, 4]. These properties of metalaxyl besides its heavy use may lead to the high contamination of water and soil by
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