Efficient Solution for Connectivity Restoration (ESCR) in Wireless Sensor and Actor-Networks
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Efficient Solution for Connectivity Restoration (ESCR) in Wireless Sensor and Actor‑Networks Muhammad Kashif Saeed1,2 · Mahmood ul Hassan3 · Khalid Mahmood2 · Ansar Munir Shah4 · Jahangir Khan1 Accepted: 5 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Wireless Sensor and actor-network (WSAN) is the utmost significant research area in wireless communication technology. Actor nodes play a vital role during the processing and transmission of valuable data to the base station. WSAN performs its operations in a harsh environment and, therefore, prone to network failure. Moreover, an actor node’s failure causes the network into disjoint segments. Thus, the connectivity restoration of actor nodes is significant. This paper presents a novel technique, namely an efficient solution for connectivity restoration (ESCR), to detect the failure and ensure the connectivity among actor nodes. ESCR comprises two algorithms, i.e., assigning backup nodes and connectivity restoration process. The main objective of the proposed technique is to restore the network with efficient utilization of residual energy and minimum nodes movement. The effectiveness and performance of the ESCR technique are validated through extensive simulations and comparison with baseline approaches. The results show that the ESCR outperforms baseline approaches in terms of the number of nodes moved, total moved distance, reduction in the coverage area, and recovery time. Keywords Wireless sensor networks · Wireless sensor and actor-networks · Node failure · Network partitioning · Connectivity restoration
* Muhammad Kashif Saeed [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Science, IIC University of Technology, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
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Department of Information Systems, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Department of Computer Skills, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Department of Computer Science, ISP Multan, Multan, Pakistan
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1 Introduction In Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs), sensors and actors work collaboratively to perform specific tasks. WSAN consists of sensors, actors, and a base station. WSAN has numerous benefits over normal WSN due to more energy and moderate power consumption [1]. Sensor nodes sense the specific activities or events from the area of interest and send them to the concerned actor nodes. Whereas actors are robust and high-performance nodes, which can collect the data, process, and transmit it to the base station [2]. An actor node can communicate with many sensors. The communication can be sensor to sensor, sensor to an actor, actor to actor, and actor to the base station. A large number of sensor nodes with few numbers of actor nodes are deployed randomly in an area of interest to form a WSAN [3]. Sensor nodes cannot directly communicate with the base station; therefore, they have multihop communication via actor nodes. WSANs are incre
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