Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted lot of attention due to their pervasive nature and deployment in many real world applications. Sensor nodes are scattered in the environment to sense and send the specified data back to the desired
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Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Faisal Karim Shaikh, Sherali Zeadally, and Farhan Siddiqui
8.1 Introduction Increasingly, the notion of a widely inter-connected, adaptive and dynamic ubiquitous computing environment is being proposed for virtually all application domains. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) represent a key enabling technique for the emerging ambient/ubiquitous/pervasive computing areas. The fusion of sensing and wireless communication has led to the emergence of WSNs. Recently, WSNs have been proposed for multiple applications, such as fire detection [12, 15], object tracking [43] and environmental monitoring [3]. Accordingly, the commercial use of WSNs is expected to increase dramatically in the near future. Generally, a WSN comprises a large number of static sensor nodes with low processing, limited power capabilities and often communicating over short-range unreliable radio links as shown in Fig. 8.1. Additionally, sensor nodes have limited storage capacity, batteries and multiple on-board sensors that can take readings such as temperature, level of humidity, and accelerometers. Sensor nodes are deployed in an ad-hoc manner and cooperate with each other to form a wireless sensor network. Since the communication range of sensor nodes is limited, hop-by-hop communication is often adopted by sensor nodes to exchange data. Typically, a powerful base F.K. Shaikh (B) Department of Telecommunication Engg., Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] S. Zeadally Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC 20008, USA e-mail: [email protected] F. Siddiqui School of Information Systems and Technology, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA e-mail: [email protected] N. Chilamkurti et al. (eds.), Next-Generation Wireless Technologies, Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5164-7_8, © Springer-Verlag London 2013
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Fig. 8.1 A wireless sensor network system
station termed a sink, is also an integral part of a WSN. The sink mediates between the sensor nodes and the applications running on a WSN. WSNs offer significant advances over traditional wired sensing networks and can be applied to many application scenarios because of their flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and ease of deployment. Many WSN applications are data centric, i.e., they are deployed to interact with the physical environment and report on the phenomenon of interest to the user via the sink. Therefore, the main goal of a WSN is to support the delivery of data generated in response to the sensed phenomenon towards the sink along the path made available via routing protocols. As the communication over radio is a dominant energy consuming operation [2] in WSNs, it is highly desirable that the routing protocols be energy-efficient. The various WSN applications can be classified as delay sensitive and delay tolerant. Delay sensitive applic
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