Electrification in the automotive industry: effects in remanufacturing
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Electrification in the automotive industry: effects in remanufacturing Robert Casper 1 & Erik Sundin 1 Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract
The automotive market is changing. For many years, cars with internal-combustion engines were dominant. Recently, more cars with alternative drive trains have become available, and their market share has increased, a trend that has had an effect on the remanufacturing industry for automotive parts. This paper aims to describe and evaluate the challenges and opportunities in the coming years for the remanufacturing industry as a result of the increasing number and share of electric vehicles. Both theory and empirical data have been used to meet this aim. From theory, the two different drive train concepts of the internal combustion engine and the battery electric vehicle are described, along with the major differences from a remanufacturing standpoint. These differences and effects are described, evaluated, and fully or partly confirmed by industry experts. The results show that future market actors are unset today, less space-consuming machinery parks will be needed, major investments into knowledge and equipment (especially for testing) will be required, and the necessity to handle different kinds of end-of-use/life solutions, especially the recovery for the electric vehicle battery packs, will be a challenge. As future development is still uncertain, the authors recommend that market actors investigate the challenges and opportunities highlighted in this paper and watch future developments carefully. Keywords Remanufacturing . Automotive . Electric vehicles (EV) . BEV . ICE . Mechatronics . Design for Remanufacturing
* Erik Sundin [email protected] Robert Casper [email protected]
1
Division of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
Journal of Remanufacturing
Introduction The automotive industry, one of the key industries in Europe, is undergoing substantial changes in drive train technology. For decades, cars with internal combustion engines (ICE) were the technical “state of the art.” However, in 2017, for the first time, more than 1000,000 new electric vehicles (EVs) were registered. More than 60% of these EVs were registered in China [3]. Different studies forecast that in ten years, 20% of all newly sold cars will be EVs and in twenty years, around 25% [6, 27]. Political leaders, as well as those in industry, see the future in this technology. The German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, sees EVs as an appropriate solution to reach emission targets [30]. The targets defined by the European Union (EU) for 2015 and 2021 represent reductions of air pollution emissions of 18% and 40%, respectively, compared with those of 2007 [12]. Given these trends, already in June 2017, the automotive specialist, Professor Ferdinand Dudenhöfer, announced in a radio interview: “The combustion engine is dead!”. This transformation process has direct influences in
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