Electrochemical capacitors for electromobility: A review
Scarcity of resources and emissions increasingly demand sustainable mobility concepts. To compete with conventional vehicles on the market, electromobility requires high-performance rechargeable energy storage systems ideally equipped with high energy and
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© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2015, M. Bargende, H.-C. Reuss, J. Wiedemann (Hrsg.), 15. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, Proceedings, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-08844-6_9
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Electrochemical capacitors for electromobility: A review
Abstract Scarcity of resources and emissions increasingly demand sustainable mobility concepts. To compete with conventional vehicles on the market, electromobility requires high-performance rechargeable energy storage systems ideally equipped with high energy and power density, cost-efficiency [1], long lifetimes, extraordinary reliability [2] and safety as well as minimal environmental impact [3]. The last decades have triggered an increasing interest in capacitive energy storage, an electrical storage mechanism found in electrochemical capacitors (ECs), widely called supercapacitors. There are an increasing number of concepts for automobile energy storage systems which make use of this technology [4]. Electrochemical capacitors are already used in markets around the world and have experienced a rapid growth over the past years. This paper provides a general overview of electrochemical capacitors for electromobile applications. It covers their distinctive features, their components, structures and compositions, current and future applications as well as the latest challenges and achievements in research and development.
1 Introduction Energy storage systems determine the performance of electric vehicles and consequently their success on the market. Today, conventional energy storage systems for electric vehicles almost exclusively consist of electrochemical batteries, which are still limited in terms of power density and cycle life. Thus, electromobility can benefit from electrochemical capacitors (ECs) which enable higher power densities and better life cycle properties than conventional batteries. In automotive energy storage applications, ECs can be used to complement current deficiencies of batteries by serving as temporary energy storage devices with a high-power capability to store or release energy at high power peaks, thus increasing the life time of the battery. A combination of batteries and ECs can form a highly efficient hybrid power and energy storage system. EC performance strongly depends on the choice of materials used, the interaction of the components and the manufacturing method for the electrodes and cells. EC production mainly comprises the production of electrodes (wound up or stacked), separator positioning, cell assembly, electrolyte impregnation and closure of casing. The cell design depends on the target application and cost structure of electrochemical capacitors. In the short to medium term, it will still be an issue to overcome the limited energy densities as well as the high production and material costs of electrochemical capacitors. Among all activities aiming towards higher energy densities in electrochemical capacitors, enlarging the specific surface area of the electrode material is one of the most essential tasks. Researchers at Fraunhofer In
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