Electrochemical Methods in Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration

Electrochemistry plays an important role in preserving our cultural heritage. For the first time this has been documented in the present volume. Coverage includes both electrochemical processes such as corrosion and electroanalytical techniques allowing t

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Monographs in Electrochemistry Surprisingly, a large number of important topics in electrochemistry is not covered by up-to-date monographs and series on the market, some topics are even not covered at all. The series Monographs in Electrochemistry fills this gap by publishing indepth monographs written by experienced and distinguished electrochemists, covering both theory and applications. The focus is set on existing as well as emerging methods for researchers, engineers, and practitioners active in the many and often interdisciplinary fields, where electrochemistry plays a key role. These fields will range – among others – from analytical and environmental sciences to sensors, materials sciences and biochemical research. Information about published and forthcoming volumes is available at http://www.springer.com/series/7386 Series Editor: Fritz Scholz, University of Greifswald, Germany

Antonio Dom´enech-Carb´o Mar´ıa Teresa Dom´enech-Carb´o Virginia Costa

Electrochemical Methods in Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration

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Dr. Antonio Dom´enech-Carb´o Universitat Val`encia Fac. Qu´ımica Depto. Qu´ımica Anal´ıtica C/Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjasot Valencia Spain [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Mar´ıa Teresa Dom´enech-Carb´o Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia Inst. Restauraci´o del Patrimoni Depto. Conservaci´o i Restauraci´o de Bens Culturals Cam´ı de Vera, s/n 46022 Val`encia Spain [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Virginia Costa 15 rue Jules Hetzel 92190 Meudon France [email protected]

ISBN 978-3-540-92867-6

e-ISBN 978-3-540-92868-3

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-92868-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008942070 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface

Electrochemical systems—e.g., batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells—are an integral part of modern technology. Electrochemical techniques, especially potentiometry and voltammetry, are indispensable for state-of-the-art analysis, and also for fundamental studies of the properties of solution species and solid phases and materials. Last, but not least, electrochemical concepts for understanding charge tra