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This section of Journal of Materials Research is reserved for papers that are reviews of literature in a given area.

Future of nanoindentation in archaeometry Nadimul Haque Faisala) School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, U.K.

Rehan Ahmed School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.

Saurav Goel School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.

Graham Cross Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; and School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland (Received 10 November 2017; accepted 25 July 2018)

This review aims to consolidate scarce literature on the use of modern nanomechanical testing technique like instrumented nanoindentation in the field of archaeometry materials research. The review showcase on how can the nanoindentation tests provide valuable data about mechanical properties which, in turn, relate to the evolution of ancient biomaterials as well as human history and production methods. This is particularly useful when the testing is limited by confined volumes and small material samples (since the contact size is in the order of few microns). As an emerging novel application, some special considerations are warranted for characterization of archaeometry materials. In this review, potential research areas relating to how nanoindentation is expected to benefit and help improve existing practices in archaeometry are identified. It is expected that these insights will raise awareness for use of nanoindentation at various world heritage sites as well as various museums.

I. INTRODUCTION

Inspection of archaeological materials (e.g., metals, paints, claws, teeth, stones, bones, skins, etc.) is often an intricate task due to fabrication history, the composite chemical and structural alterations that are caused by the alloying, annealing, and working processes of production, as well as by post-manufactured conditions. For centuries, archaeologists have been seeking to use methods that can yield detailed quantitative and accurate interpretations about the prehistoric past. The analysis of archaeological objects necessitates investigators to address the problem, by knowing features like grain size (i.e., microstructure) and other measurable characteristics of the material sample. A natural question arises: Is it is possible to go backwards to obtain insight into the forming conditions or production processes to understand the processing history?1 Therefore, the principle motivations and applications of nanomechanical testing (nanoindentation) to archaeological materials would be understanding ancient manufacturing, storage, and usage a)

Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.280 J. Mater. Res., 2018

processes by characterization of microstructure, and doing the above within s