Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) Functionalized Graphene and Co 3 O 4 Nanoparticle Cluste
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Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) Functionalized Graphene and Co3O4 Nanoparticle Clusters for Detection of Amaranth in Soft drinks Shasha Jing 1 & Huijun Zheng 2 & Li Zhao 1 & Lingbo Qu 1 & Lanlan Yu 1
Received: 12 December 2016 / Accepted: 27 March 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017
Abstract A new sensitive electrochemical sensor based on poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) functionalized graphene and Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters (PSS-GN/Co3O4) ternary composite was fabricated via two-step synthesis. The PSS-GN/Co3O4 nanocomposite significantly increased the oxidative activity of amaranth due to the individual merit and mutual effect of PSS-GN and Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters which improved the performance of the electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were used for the detection of amaranth. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak currents of amaranth increased proportionally to the concentration within the range of 0.01–1.0 and 1.0– 6.0 μmol L−1, and the limit of detection was 4.0 nmol L−1. The proposed modified electrode was highly sensitive and was successfully applied to determine amaranth in the soft drinks with satisfactory recoveries. The as-prepared PSSGN/Co3O4/GCE electrochemical sensor offers a feasible way for designing simpler, low cost, and environmentfriendly sensors based on Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters.
Keywords Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) . Functionalized graphene . Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters . Amaranth . Electrochemical sensor
* Lanlan Yu [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
2
North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, People’s Republic of China
Introduction Amaranth, (trisodium (4E)-3-oxo-4-[(4-sulfonato-1-naphthyl) hydrazono] naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate), is a good-quality synthetic azo dye used in food and soft drinks as colorant to increase the food appearance and attraction. However, if consumed in large amounts, it has potential risk such as high genotoxicity, cytostaticity, and cytotoxicity (Mpountoukas et al. 2010) to human health owing to azo functional group and aromatic ring structure (Yu et al. 2015). In China, amaranth is permitted and its maximum limit in soft drinks is 0.05 g/kg (GB2760-2014). Thus, determination of the content of amaranth is extremely essential in food for quality control. Many approaches, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) (Ishikawa et al. 2004; Ryvolova et al. 2007), spectrophotometry (Pourreza and Elhami 2009; Sha and Zhu 2015), highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Chai et al. 2016; Sha et al. 2015), and electrochemical analysis (Chandran et al. 2013; Gan et al. 2014; He et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2010b, 2015b, c; Zhang et al. 2014) have been utilized for the determination of amaranth. Among the reported analytical techniques, electrochemical analytical technique is a su
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