Electrode pad suitability for repeated application to the head and neck
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Electrode pad suitability for repeated application to the head and neck John S. Phillips 1 & Jacob Newman 2 & Jennifer Garioch 1 & Ian Nunney 3 Received: 5 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 May 2020 # IUPESM and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Electrode pads are an integral component of ambulatory monitoring, providing an interface to conduct and record bioelectrical signals. During a previous clinical investigation involving our device for monitoring patients with dizziness, 53% of individuals experienced temporary redness and inflammation after wearing standard ECG electrode pads on the face for up to 30 days. We postulated that this was caused by a combination of the material composition of the electrode pads and through skin stripping due to their daily replacement. To test this hypothesis, we undertook a further study to determine which combination of electrode pad and replacement regime was most tolerable to the skin. Participants wore three different electrode pads on both sides of their face for 30 days. Electrode pads on the left were replaced daily, and those on the right on alternate days. Participants were instructed to inspect their skin after removal and to not reapply a new electrode pad if they noticed any unexpected changes to the condition of their skin. Electrode pad performance was measured by the duration of wear. The two best performing electrode pads contained a wet gel rather than a solid, adhesive gel, but the advantage of replacing electrode pads on alternate days was negligible. The chloride concentration of the gels was found to be likely factor in determining tolerability. The results suggest that optimal tolerability for ambulatory monitoring on the head and neck is provided by electrode pads containing a wet gel and a low chloride concentration. Keywords Ambulatory monitoring . Electrode pads . Physiological monitoring
1 Introduction Physiological monitoring using adhesive sensor pads plays a significant role in many areas of medical diagnosis, particularly for monitoring cardiac rhythm. The durability of these pads is tested in situations where ambulatory monitoring is required [1, 2]. The CAVA® device has been developed to allow long-term monitoring of eye-movements and requires the application of electrode pads to the face [3]. Preliminary work considering the efficacy and acceptability of the CAVA® device has been undertaken in healthy volunteers * John S. Phillips [email protected] 1
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK
2
University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, UK
3
Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, UK
[3]. During a clinical investigation, in which 17 participants were required to wear the device on their face for up to 30 days, the device was able to detect short periods of artificially induced nystagmus buried within days of normal eye movement data (sensitivity of 99.1% and a sp
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