Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume III: Precisio

These three volumes constitute the first complete English translation of Felix Klein’s seminal series “Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus”. “Complete” has a twofold meaning here: First, there now exists a translation of volume III into Englis

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Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume III: Precision Mathematics and Approximation Mathematics

Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint

Felix Klein

Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume III: Precision Mathematics and Approximation Mathematics Translated by Marta Menghini in collaboration with Anna Baccaglini-Frank Mathematical advisor for the English translation: Gert Schubring

Felix Klein Translated by: Marta Menghini Mathematical advisor for the English translation: Gert Schubring

ISBN 978-3-662-49437-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49439-4

ISBN 978-3-662-49439-4 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943431 Translation of the 3rd German edition „Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus“, vol. 3 by Felix Klein, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Band 16, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1928. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover Illustration: The publisher could not determine a copyright holder and believes this picture to be in the public domain. If the copyright holder can prove ownership, the publisher will pay the customary fee. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg

Preface to the 2016 Edition

The present volume contains the translation of Felix Klein’s “Präzisions- und Approximationsmathematik”, which appeared in 1928 as volume III of the series Elementarmathematik von einem höheren Standpunkte aus1 (Elementary mathematics from a higher standpoint). In turn, the 1928 edition was a re-edition of the lecture course delivered by Felix Klein in 1901 with the title “Anwendung der Differential- und Integralrechnung auf die Geometrie: eine Revision der Prinzipien”, published in 1902 in lithographic form2 (a reprint of 1908, edited by Conrad Heinrich Müller, left the text essentially unchanged). Klein participated,