Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume I: Arithmetic

These three volumes constitute the first complete English translation of Felix Klein’s seminal series “Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus”. “Complete” has a twofold meaning here: First, there now exists a translation of volume III into Englis

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Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume I: Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis

Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint

Felix Klein

Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint Volume I: Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis Translated by Gert Schubring

Felix Klein Translated by: Gert Schubring

ISBN 978-3-662-49440-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49442-4

ISBN 978-3-662-49442-4 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943431 Translation of the 4th German edition „Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus“, vol. 1 by Felix Klein, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Band 14, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1933. A previous English language edition, Felix Klein “Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint – Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis”, translated by E. R. Hedrick and C. A. Noble, New York 1931, was based on the 3rd German edition and published by Dover Publications. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover Illustration: The publisher could not determine a copyright holder and believes this picture to be in the public domain. If the copyright holder can prove ownership, the publisher will pay the customary fee. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg

Preface to the 2016 Edition

The Notion of Elementary Mathematics This is the first volume of the three-volume-series of Felix Klein’s “Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus”, the first two volumes now in revised and completed editions and the third volume the first time in English translation. This translation is based on the last German edition of volume I, the fourth of 1933; the English translation of 1931, which was used for this new revised version, had the third edition of 1924 as its master copy. The third and the fourth German edition are basically identical, except the three paragrap