Embryotoxicity assays for leached components from dental restorative materials
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Embryotoxicity assays for leached components from dental restorative materials Antonio Libonati1†, Giuseppe Marzo2, Francesca G Klinger3, Donatella Farini3, Gianni Gallusi1, Simona Tecco2*†, Stefano Mummolo2, Massimo De Felici3 and Vincenzo Campanella1
Abstract Background: Currently, there are no suitable assays available to evaluate the embryotoxicity of leached components from restorative dental materials. Methods: The effect of the medium conditioned by composites and amalgam on mouse blastocysts in vitro was tested. The materials were also subcutaneously implanted, and the effect of the medium supplemented with serum from the host blood was evaluated in the embryotoxicity assay. The embryo implantation rate in the material-transplanted mothers was also evaluated. Results: The results show that while the culture in media conditioned by amalgams did not affect blastocyst development, the medium conditioned by composites caused blastocyst degeneration and apoptosis. The development of blastocysts in a medium containing serum obtained from animals after transplantation was, however, without effect. Finally, inconsistent reduction in the implantation rate in transplanted mothers was observed. Conclusions: In this study, we provide examples of in vitro and in vivo tests that may be used to evaluate embryotoxicity for dental materials. Our results show that leached components from our composite-material induced embryotoxicity in vitro, however, no toxicity was observed when subcutaneously implanted in vivo. This highlights the necessity of integrated in vitro and in vivo tests for valuable predictive estimation of embryotoxicity for complex materials.
Background A variety of potential toxic compounds may be released from restorative dental materials, amalgam, and composites and can diffuse into the tooth pulp or gingiva reaching the saliva and the circulating blood [1]. Dental amalgam is a mixture of mercury along with other metals, such as silver, tin, copper, and zinc. Amalgams have been used in dentistry for over 150 years because they are malleable, durable, and more affordable than gold or composites. While it is accepted that amalgam fillings release mercury, the amount of mercury released by amalgam seems negligible; thus, there is no danger from mercury leaking from fillings into the body [2]. Critics argue that long-term exposure to the low levels of mercury vapor causes neurodegenerative * Correspondence: [email protected] † Contributed equally 2 Department of Health Science, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
diseases, birth defects, and mental disorders. Although there is international agreement that the scientific data do not confirm the presence of a significant health hazard, several countries restrict the use of dental amalgams or have recommended limitations on their use. In several European countries, dental composites are replacing amalgams as the most common restorative dental materials. Photo-cured
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