Emergence in cyber-physical systems: potential and risk
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Tyszberowicz and Faitelson / Front Inform Technol Electron Eng
2020 21(11):1554-1566
Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering www.jzus.zju.edu.cn; engineering.cae.cn; www.springerlink.com ISSN 2095-9184 (print); ISSN 2095-9230 (online) E-mail: [email protected]
Perspective:
Emergence in cyber-physical systems: potential and risk∗ Shmuel TYSZBEROWICZ‡1,2 , David FAITELSON‡2 1RISE-Centre
for Research and Innovation in Software Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2Department
of Software Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6998812 Tel Aviv, Israel E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received June 9, 2020; Revision accepted Oct. 11, 2020; Crosschecked Oct. 22, 2020
Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are distributed assemblages of computing, communicating, and physical components that sense their environment, algorithmically assess the incoming information, and affect their physical environment. Thus, they share a common structure with other complex adaptive systems, and therefore share both the possible benefits and the probable harmful effects of emergent phenomena. Emergence is an often unexpected pattern that arises from the interactions among the individual system components and the environment. In this paper we focus on three major problems concerning emergence in the context of CPSs: how to successfully exploit emergence, how to avoid its detrimental effects in a single CPS, and how to avoid harmful emergence that arises due to unexpected interaction among several independently developed CPSs that are operating in the same environment. We review the state of the research with regard to these problems and outline several approaches that could be used to address them. Key words: Cyber-physical systems; Emergent behavior; Complex adaptive systems; Stigmergy; Subsumption; Digital twins https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000279 CLC number: TP311
1 Introduction Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of cyber (computation) and physical components. This combination aims at solving problems that cannot be solved by each part alone. Many researchers (e.g., Hu (2013) and Griffor et al. (2017)) believe that CPSs will improve scalability, safety, security, resiliency, and adaptability of systems. Recent initiatives such as Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) are examples of such ‡ *
Corresponding authors
Project supported by the Capacity Development Fund of Southwest University, China (No. SWU116007) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61732019, 61672435, and 61811530327) ORCID: Shmuel TYSZBEROWICZ, https://orcid.org/00000003-4937-8138; David FAITELSON, https://orcid.org/00000002-8332-7644 c Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
systems. CPSs are often constructed as a network of autonomous communicating agents, whose behavior is governed by algorithms and software. It is probable that in th
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