Emerging Viral and Bacterial Infections: Within an Era of Opioid Epidemic
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REVIEW
Emerging Viral and Bacterial Infections: Within an Era of Opioid Epidemic Jessica F. Jones
. Jamie Legaspi . Eric Chen . Kelly Lee .
Jennifer Le
Received: June 29, 2020 The Author(s) 2020
ABSTRACT The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis that continues to impact healthcare in the United States of America (USA). While changes in opioid prescribing have curbed the medical use of opioids, the increase in nonmedical use, largely driven by injection drug use (IDU), has contributed to the escalating incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD). Furthermore, IDU is associated with high-risk injection practices that can increase the risk of acquiring viral and bacterial infections. Here in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the epidemiology and management of OUD, along with the screening and antimicrobial treatment of associated infections, specifically focused on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Medication-assisted therapy (MAT) and infection guidelines from the USA will be presented. Digital Features To view digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12855173. J. F. Jones (&) J. Legaspi E. Chen University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. Lee J. Le Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
Keywords: Bacterial infection; Hepatitis C; Opioid use disorder; Viral infection
Key Summary Points Opioid use disorder is a growing problem in the USA. Opioid use disorder can lead to injection drug use and substance abuse. Injection drug use is comorbid with viral infections such as hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus as well as bacterial infections. Healthcare providers play a vital role in early detection of opioid use disorder and thus resources should be available to educate providers and patients.
DIGITAL FEATURES This article is published with digital features to facilitate understanding of the article. You can access the digital features on the article’s associated Figshare page. To view digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.12855173.
Infect Dis Ther
EPIDEMIOLOGY The opioid epidemic is a growing problem that has increased mortality and hospitalization since its emergence. In 2017, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) declared the opioid epidemic as a public health emergency. In 2018, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) launched a strategic response to combat the epidemic. The opioid epidemic began in the 1990s in the USA, marked by increased prescribing of opioids and methadone for the management of acute and chronic pain relief. Prescriptions for opioids increased significantly from 180 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per capita in 1999 to a peak of 782 MME per capita in 2010 [1]. Prescribing rates stayed constant between 2010 and 2012, and then began to decline.
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